MICROBIOLOGY 2

• Genus and species are either underlined or italicized
• Genus is always capitilized
• species is never capitilized
• in Binomial System of Taxonomic Classification, use only the Genus and species
• The first word of the scientific name (genus) is capitalized but not the second word (species)
• Carl Woese proposed the three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
• In Eukarya: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
• Unicellular in 3 domain system: Archaea and Bacteria
• Archaea: Unicellular that has cell wall but with no peptodoglycan
• Bactera: Unicellar with cell wall that contains peptodoglycan
• Only 1% of all known bacteria cause human diseases
• About 4% of all known bacteria cause plant diseases
• 95% of known bacteria are non-pathogens
• Microbes do benefit us, but they are also capable of causing many diseases
• Example of causes of microbes: Pneumonia, Whooping Cough, Cholera Scarlet Fever, Mumps, Syphilis and Strep Throat
• 1665 Robert Hooke


  Cell Theory - all living things are made up of cells
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674


  1st person to actually see living microorganisms
• Experiments to disprove Spontaneous Generation

  • Francesco Redi
• etiology - the cause of a disease
• Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates: Syphilis, HIV, Leprosy
• Koch - 1st to use Agar to solidify culture media
• Naming of Bacteria Genus and species: Describes an organism , Identifies a habitat, Honors a scientist or researcher
• Bacterial Morphology: Bacilli, Cocci, Spiral
• Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis): • Gram positive, non-motile, aerobic, spore forming rod.
• Anthrax in Livestock: Sheep, cattle, goats
• Anthrax in Human: Handle hides, wool, goat hair, handicrafts from the Middle East made from animal products
• 3 Forms of human Anthrax: Cutaneous Anthrax, Gastrointestinal Anthrax, Inhalation Anthrax
• Cutaneous Anthrax: Enters thru cut or abrasion and results in painless ulcer (1-3 cm)
• Inhalational Anthrax: Inhaling spores that are released into air by infected animals or humans
• Gastrointestinal Anthrax: Eating contaminated food like meat, milk, cheese, bread, flour, cocoa powder, chocolate, ice cream, etc.
• Gastrointestinal Anthrax : through Contaminated meat
• Gastrointestinal Anthrax: Its symptoms can be Abdominal pain, fever, vomiting blood, severe diarrhea
• Gastrointestinal Anthrax: 25% to 60% mortality rate
• Tolypocladium niveum

  immunosuppressor which secretes ciclosporin, a drug administered during organ transplanting to prevent rejection;
• Enzymes of Penicillium camemberti


  play a role in the manufacture of cheeses
• Viruses

  intracellular obligate parasites, which means that they cannot reproduce or express their genes without the help of a living cell.
• Bacteriophage


  Viruses that infect bacteria
• Virion


  A virus particle when it is on the outside of its host cell
• Nucleocapsid


  The viral capsid together with the nucleic acid that is tightly packed within the protein coat
• Cytopathic effect


  Are characteristic changes of the cells’ appearance observed in tissue culture cells when they are attacked by viruses.