acids and bases

• What are Bronsted-Lowry acids defined as?

  Proton donors
• What do Bronsted-Lowry bases do?

  They accept protons
• What characterizes strong acids compared to weak acids?

  Strong acids dissociate almost completely
• Name a strong base.

  Sodium hydroxide
• What is the equilibrium position for weak acids?

  It lies to the left
• How does the equilibrium position differ between strong and weak acids?

  Strong acids favor products, weak acids favor reactants
• How does temperature affect Kw

  Kw changes with temperature
• What does pH measure?

  The concentration of H⁺ ions
• What is the formula to calculate pH?

  pH = -log₁₀[H⁺]
• If a solution has a pH of 3, what is the concentration of H⁺ ions?

  1 x 10^-3 mol/dm³
• What are the key characteristics of strong and weak acids and bases?

  • Strong acids: dissociate almost completely
  • Weak acids: dissociate poorly
  • Strong bases: produce many OH^- ions
  • Weak bases: rely on water to produce OH^- ions
• What is the significance of equilibrium in acid-base reactions?

  • Equilibrium determines the concentration of products and reactants
  • Strong acids/bases favor products
  • Weak acids/bases favor reactants
• What is the relationship between pH and acidity?

  • Lower pH: higher acidity
  • pH of 7: neutral
  • Higher pH: lower acidity
• What is the role of water in acid-base chemistry?

  • Acts as both an acid and a base
  • Participates in proton transfer
  • Exists in equilibrium with H⁺ and OH^- ions
• What are the units of K_w?

  • Moles squared per dm to the minus six
• What does pH measure in a solution?

  Concentration of H+ ions
• Why is the pH scale logarithmic?

  It converts small numbers into manageable values
• What is the pH of a neutral substance?

  7
• What does a pH of 0 indicate?

  Very acidic substance
• What is the equation to calculate pH?

  pH = -log₁₀[H⁺]
• How do you calculate the pH of hydrochloric acid with a concentration of 0.03 moles per cubic meter?

  pH = -log₁₀[0.03]
• What does a pH of 1.5 indicate about hydrochloric acid?

  It is a strong acid
• How can you calculate the concentration of H+ ions from pH?

  Use the equation [H+] = 10^-pH
• What is the concentration of H+ ions in nitric acid with a pH of 1.7?

  [H+] = 10^-1.7
• What is the value of K_w at 298 Kelvin?

  1 x 10^-14 moles² dm^-6
• What is the relationship between strong acids and their dissociation?

  Strong acids dissociate fully in solution
• How do you calculate the pH of a monoprotic acid like hydrochloric acid?

  pH = -log₁₀[concentration of acid]
• How does a diprotic acid differ from a monoprotic acid?

  Diprotic acids produce two H+ ions per molecule
• What is the pH of 0.25 moles per cubic meter of hydrochloric acid?

  pH = 1.6
• How do you calculate the concentration of H+ ions from a diprotic acid?

  Concentration of H+ = 2 x concentration of acid
• How do you calculate the pH of sodium hydroxide?

  Use the concentration of OH- ions
• What is the main difference in calculating pH for strong acids and strong bases?

  Strong bases require H+ concentration from Kw
• How do you calculate the pH of a strong base like sodium hydroxide?

  pH = -log₁₀[H+ concentration]
• What is the significance of the acid dissociation constant (K_a)?

  K_a is used for weak acids' pH calculations
• Why do weak acids require the K_a expression for pH calculations?

  They dissociate only slightly in solution
• How do you calculate the pH of ethanoic acid?

  Use K_a and the concentration of acid
• What is the K_a for ethanoic acid at 298 Kelvin?

  1.76 x 10^-5 moles per cubic meter
• How do you find the concentration of H+ ions from the pH of a weak acid?

  Calculate H+ from pH using 10^-pH
• What is the relationship between H+ concentration and pH?

  Higher H+ concentration means lower pH
• What is the significance of the square root in weak acid calculations?

  It finds the concentration of H+ ions