ANP

• Blood components:

  • Plasma (55%): Liquid extracellular matrix
  • Formed elements (45%): Cells and cell fragments suspended in plasma

  <|>Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

  <|>Leukocytes - White Blood Cells (WBCs)

  <|>Platelets - Small cellular fragments

  • Hematocrit = % Packed RBC
• Functions of blood:

  • Considered a connective tissue
  • Distribute as needed
  • Staying in balance

  <|>Maintaining body temperature

  <|>Gas exchange

  <|>Transportation of solutes

  <|>Acid-base homeostasis - buffering system

  <|>Blood pressure - maintaining blood volume

  <|>Blood clotting - prevent blood loss

  <|>Immune system - transport of cells and immune proteins
• Plasma components:

  A. Solutes dissolved in plasma liquid (H2O)

  -Glucose and amino acids

  -Dissolved gases

  -Waste products

  -Ions

  B. Plasma proteins

  -Albumin

  -Antibodies (Y-globulin)


  -Transport proteins

  -Clotting proteins
• Blood components:

  • Plasma (55%)
  • Formed elements (45%)
  • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
  • Platelets
• Blood is considered a connective tissue
• Blood plasma:

  • Solutes dissolved in plasma liquid
  • Plasma proteins
• FourErythrocytes:

  • Biconcave disc
  • No nucleus
  • Lacking most organelles
  • Packed with hemoglobin.
  • Hemoglobin:
  • 4 polypeptide chains
  • Each peptide contains a heme group
  • Contains iron ion (Fe2+)
  • Transports O2 and CO2
  • Important for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
  • Erythropoiesis:
  • Erythrocyte life cycle:
  • Average life of erythrocyte is 100-120 days
  • Damage from shear force can't be repaired
  • Hematopoiesis:
  • Generation of new blood cells
  • Occurs in the red bone average and marrow
• • RBC production induced by erythropoietin produced by the kidney
• Regulation of erythropoiesis:

  • Negative feedback homeostasis
  • Stimulus- Low O2
  • Sensor- Chemoreceptors.
  • Control center- Kidney cells
  • Effector- Bone marrow
• Erythrocyte development:

  • Erythroblast- produces hemoglobin and injects nucleus/organelles.
  • Reticulocyte- Enters circulation, mature, from bone marrow.
  • Mature erythrocyte- Biconcave.
• Erythrocyte destruction:

  • Iron recycled and heme group converted to bilirubin and excreted by the liver (bile)
• Anemia: decreased O2 carrying capacity.

  • Caused by decreased hemoglobin-Iron deficiency.
  • Decreased hematocrit-Loss of RBcs.
  • Abnormal hemoglobin-Sickle Cell Anemia. RBCs
• Hemostasis:

  • Process to stop the loss of blood from a blood vessel
  • Formation of a blood clot
  • Controlled by regulatory enzymes (factors)
  • Vascular spasm:
  • Minimizes blood loss
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Platelet plug formation:
  • Platelets attach to injury site to form a platelet plug
• Hemostasis: Formation of blood clot, platelet plug to minimize blood flow.

  Platelet Plug formation:

  • Injured endothelial cells exposed collagen fibers.
  • Activation of platelets by endothelial cells (vWf)
  • Platelet plug forms
• Coagulation:

  • Forms the "molecular glue" that holds the clot together until the skin heals underneath
  • Fibrinogen converted to fibrin
• Clot retraction:

  • Pulls wound edges close by contracting platelets and removes liquid (compacted)
• Thrombolysis:

  • Fibrinolysis
  • TPA cleaves (activates) fibrinogen into fibrin
  • Fibrin degraded and other components dissociate
• Regulation of clotting:

  • Hemophilia- inability to clot.
  • An Issue with factor x that can be genetically mutated.
  • Donor plasma or recombinant proteins.
  • thrombus- inappropriate clotting.
  • Attached to Vessel walls.
  • Thromboembolus- detached clotting.
  • Mi, Stroke, pulmonary embolus.