Reading and writing

• Reading

  is cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning from a text.
• Previewing - means looking at the readily visible parts of the text, like titles and subtitles, and also visuals and graphs, pictures, and charts. Previewing helps familiarize you with the contents
• Skimming and scanning - Skimming the text means you look for the main point of the reading and identify the ideas that develop it.
• Scanning

  the reading is looking for specific information.
• Context Clues

  are words, phrases, and sentences that surround an unfamiliar word that can help you recognize the meaning of an unknown word because the text gives you information about it.
• The most common type of context clues: Synonyms

  Antonym

  Examples

  Explanation and definition
• Synonyms

  Used when the text has words or phrases that are similar in meaning to the unknown word. Synonym clues may be signaled by “like” or “as”
• Antonym Is a word that reveals the opposite meaning in relation to the unknown word. When you see words like “although,” “but,” “despite,” “instead,” “in contrast,” “unlike,” “however,” “even though,” “on the contrary,” and “conversely,
• Examples Examples are specific details in a text that are used to clarify the meaning of a word.
• Explanations and Definitions May be given a clue to describe an unknown term. When phrases like “because” or “that is” follow a word, these may be explanations
• Meanwhile, definitions may follow an unfamiliar word. Term like “is,” “means,” is defined as,” and “refers to,” are used with definitions.
• Genre as Types of Writing Genre

  have also been considered as types, or categories of writing, namely, narrative writing, descriptive writing, expository writing, responses to literature, research writing, workplace and technical writing, and writing for media.
• Each genre has sub-categories, each form or category having a specific purpose and specific characteristics
• NARRATIVE WRITING Tells a story A story told from one’s imagination is a fictional narrative A story about actual events is a nonfictional narrative.
• To be effective, a narrative should have the following characteristics:

  Has a clear focus or main point Presents events in a chronological or time order Has a well-developed plot Uses sensory details Uses the elements of a narrative Uses effective sentence structures
• Forms of Narrative Writing 1. Fiction Narratives These are literary texts that tell a story about imagined people, events, and ideas.
• Forms of Fiction Narratives

  Realistic fiction

  Fantasy stories

  Historical fiction

  Mystery stories

  Myths

  Legend

  Science fiction

  Tall tales
• Realistic fiction - portrays invented characters and events in everyday situations. They often present problems that many people face solutions they devise to solve them.
• Fantasy Stories - are highly imaginative writing that contain elements not found in real life. They involve invented characters, situations, and sometimes invented worlds and creatures.
• Historical Fiction - is about the imaginary people living in real places and times of history. The main characters are usually fictional people who know and interact with famous people and participate in important historical events.
• Mystery stories - present unexplained or strange events that characters try to solve. These stories are often packed full of suspense and surprises.
• Myths - are fictional tales that explain the actions of gods and heroes or the origins of the elements of nature. They were generally handed down by word of mouth for generations
• Legends - are widely-told stories about the past, one that may or may not have foundation in fact. They usually contain fantastic details such as incredible feats of strength or supernatural beings.
• Science Fiction - is writing that tells about imaginary events that involve science or technology.
• Tall Tales - It tell larger-than-life characters in real-life settings. The characters can perform amazing acts of strength and bravery.
• Nonfiction Narratives are any kind of literary text that tells a story about real people, events, and ideas.
• Forms of Nonfiction Narrative

  Personal Narratives

  Biographical narratives

  Diary and journals entries

  Blogs

  Eyewitness account

  Memoir
• Personal Narratives Tell true stories about events in a person’s life. They are also called autobiographical narratives.
• Biographical Narratives are accounts of a person’s life written by someone else. Biographies can be short or book length.
• Diary and Journal Entries are highly personal experiences, thoughts, and feelings. The audience, however, is private, unless the writer chooses to share the diary and journal entries.
• Blogs are online journals that may include autobiographical narratives, reflections, opinions, and other types of comments.
• Eyewitness Accounts are nonfiction writing that focus on historical or other important events. The writer is the narrator and share his or her thoughts about the event.
• Memoirs are accounts where author writes about his or her memories, usually going back to childhood.
• DESCRIPTIVE WRITING Descriptive writing expresses ideas and feelings about real imagined people, events, and ideas. It uses precise language and sensory expressions to create vivid images and figurative language to express ideas in new, fresh, and interesting ways.
• To be effective, a descriptive essay should have the following characteristics: Has a clear focus and sense of purpose

  Uses sensory details and precise words Presents details in a logical order
• Forms of descriptive writing Descriptive Essays

  Travel essays

  Definition essays
• Descriptive Essays use words that involve the senses to create a clear picture of the subject.
• Travel Essays use sensory words to describe a place.
• Definition Essays describe something abstract, for example, courage of friendship, drawn from the writer’s emotional experience.
• EXPOSITORY WRITING Exposition is a type of writing that intends to communicate ideas and information. It relies on facts to inform or explain. The introductory paragraph presents a thesis statements

  The body provides facts about the topic.

  The concluding paragraph sums up the ideas.