The rise of nationalism in india

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• Chapter 1 of CBSE Class 10 History deals with the Rise of Nationalism in Europe, the French Revolution, Nationalism, and Imperialism
• Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, in 1848, prepared a series of four prints visualising a world made up of democratic and Social Republics
• In Sorrieu's vision, people of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume
• During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force that brought huge changes in the political and mental world of Europe, leading to the emergence of the nation-state
• Nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789, leading to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens
• Various measures and practices introduced during the French Revolution included the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen)
• The French Revolution led to the destruction of democracy by Napoleon, who introduced the Civil Code of 1804, known as the Napoleonic Code
• Germany, Italy, and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies, and cantons with autonomous rulers
• The Aristocracy was the dominant class politically and socially in Europe, with the majority of the population being peasantry
• Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century, leading to the emergence of new social groups like the working-class population and the middle class
• Liberal Nationalism stood for granting political rights exclusively to property-owning men, excluding men without property and all women from political rights
• In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states, abolishing tariff barriers and reducing the number of
• In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states
• The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two
• In 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism
• Conservatives believed in monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, and property
• A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, and the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe
• In 1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria met in Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe
• The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon
• In 1815, secret societies were formed in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas
• Revolutionaries opposed monarchical forms and fought for liberty and freedom
• In July 1830, Bourbon Kings were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head
• The Romantic Imagination and National Feeling played an important role in creating the idea of the nation
• Culture, art, poetry, stories, and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings
• Nationalism in Europe moved away after 1848, and Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states
• Prussia took over the leadership of the movement for national unification, led by Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck
• In 1859, Sardinia-Piedmont defeated Austrian forces and in 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
• In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy
• Great Britain was the model of the nation, and prior to the eighteenth century, there was no British nation
• The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’
• In 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes was underway demanding the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles
• A large number of political associations came together in Frankfurt to vote for an all-German National Assembly
• The Constitution drafted for the German nation was headed by a monarchy, subject to a Parliament