Interaction Between Living & Non-Living Things

• is the study of how organisms interact with their environments?

  ecology
• Ecology can be studied at different levels?

  individual, population, community, ecosystem
• Individual-level ecology focuses on ___ and often overlaps with evolutionary biology?

  adaptation
• Population ecology focuses on the ___ of a population and how it changes over time?

  size
• looks at how species interact with each other, including competition for resources and predator-prey relationships?

  community ecology
• examines the links between the biotic and abiotic worlds, including energy flow through ecosystems?

  ecosystem ecology
• Population size is determined by?

  birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration
• Population growth models include?

  exponential growth and logistic growth
• Logistic growth occurs when?

  population reaches its carrying capacity
• are quantifiable characteristics of a given population, covering groups defined by criteria such as education, nationality, religion, and ethnicity?

  demographics
• track survivorship, the chance of an individual in a given population surviving to various ages?

  life tables
• represent life table data graphically in a survivorship curve, a plot of the number of individuals still alive at each age in the maximum life span?

  survivorship curve
• Types 1 survivorship curve?

  usually produce offspring, observed in humans and other large mammals
• enable immediate advantage of favorable conditions, exhibit a Type III survivorship curve?

  opportunistic life history trait
• factors are limiting factors whose intensity is related to population density?

  density dependent
• Examples of density-dependent factors?

  Intraspecific competition, Predation, Disease and parasites, Waste accumulation
• factors affect the growth rate but are independent of the density of the population?

  density independent
• Type 2 survivorship curve?

  intermediate with survivorship, observed in lizards and rodents
• Type 3 survivorship curve?

  low survivorship, observed in fishes
• the

  competition between

  individuals of the

  same species for the

  same limited

  resources?

  intraspecific competition
• populations that are denser may attract other animals that may attack them for survival?

  predation
• when more individuals live together in the same place, disease may easily breakout?

  disease and parasites
• accumulation of harmful waste products may reduce the growth of the population?

  waste accumulation
• has a pattern of developing an reaching sexual maturity slowly and producing few, well cared for offspring?

  equilibrial life history trait