5.9 Continuity and Change in 18th-Century States

• What was the dominant form of government in 18th-century Europe?

  Monarchies
• In the 18th century, hereditary rulers wielded significant power
• Louis XV in France and George II in England were examples of monarchs in the 18th century.
• What were Prussian Junkers and Russian boyars examples of?

  Nobility
• The legal systems of the 18th century were rooted in Roman and common law
• Traditional state structures in the 18th century remained completely untouched by Enlightenment ideals.

  False
• What were three key political ideologies that emerged in the late 18th century?

  Liberalism, conservatism, republicanism
• Liberalism emphasized individual rights, limited government, and free markets
• Conservatism in the 18th century advocated for hierarchy and gradual reform.
• Which country after its independence served as an example of republicanism?

  United States
• Monarchies in the 18th century often balanced traditional authority with new liberal principles
• What are the key principles of liberalism?

  Individual rights, limited government, free markets
• The key principle of conservatism is gradual reform
• Match the ideology with its key principles:

  Liberalism ↔️ Individual rights, free markets

  Conservatism ↔️ Hierarchy, traditional institutions
• What are the key principles of republicanism?

  Popular sovereignty, elected representatives
• In Russia, Catherine II attempted legislative reforms but was limited by aristocratic opposition
• Which monarch in Austria focused on administrative and educational reforms?

  Maria Theresa
• Match the impact of the French Revolution with its description:

  Political Structure ↔️ Absolute monarchy to republic

  Institutions ↔️ Standardized administrative systems

  Territorial Divisions ↔️ Restructuring of old feudal divisions
• What was the significance of the Napoleonic Code in the French Revolution?

  Standardized legal framework
• Traditional state structures in the 18th century maintained their hierarchical and authoritarian nature.
• The key principle of liberalism is individual rights
• Which example illustrates the application of conservatism?

  Austria's conservative court
• Monarchies in the 18th century often balanced traditional authority with new liberal principles.
• What were the reforms implemented by Frederick II of Prussia?

  Reformed legal system, religious tolerance
• Catherine II's legislative reforms in Russia were limited by aristocratic opposition
• What does the term "enlightened absolutism" refer to?

  Monarchs adopting Enlightenment principles
• Match the monarch with their country:

  Frederick II ↔️ Prussia

  Maria Theresa ↔️ Austria

  Catherine II ↔️ Russia
• What is an example of Frederick II's reforms that blended new ideas with traditional governance?

  Modernizing Prussia's legal system
• The French Revolution marked a shift from absolute monarchies to republics and codified legal frameworks.
• What was the political impact of the French Revolution on state structures?

  Transformation to a republic
• In the late18th century, mercantilism continued to be the dominant economic policy
• Which philosopher advocated for laissez-faire principles in economic policy?

  Adam Smith
• The shift towards laissez-faire economics in Europe challenged traditional mercantilist practices.
• International relations significantly shaped state dynamics
• What is an example of an alliance that influenced 18th-century state dynamics?

  Holy Roman Empire alliances
• Match the international relation aspect with its example:

  Alliances ↔️ Holy Roman Empire alliances

  Conflicts ↔️ Seven Years' War

  Diplomacy ↔️ Treaty of Westphalia
• Which treaty established the principle of state sovereignty in 1648?

  Treaty of Westphalia
• International relations often forced states to adapt their internal policies in response to external pressures.