4.7 Causation in the Age of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

• What were the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment pivotal periods in European history?

  Thinking and societal structures
• The Scientific Revolution emphasized empirical observation and mathematical reasoning
• Chronological order of key developments in the Scientific Revolution

  1️⃣ Copernicus' heliocentric model

  2️⃣ Galileo's telescopic observations

  3️⃣ Newton's laws of motion
• What did Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire champion?

  Freedom of expression
• The Scientific Revolution focused on understanding the natural world, while the Enlightenment focused on improving society and government
• Copernicus' heliocentric model shifted the view of the solar system and paved the way for modern astronomy.
• What universal force did Newton identify as causing celestial bodies to orbit each other?

  Gravity
• Match the Enlightenment figure with their major contribution:

  Locke ↔️ Theory of natural rights

  Montesquieu ↔️ Separation of powers

  Voltaire ↔️ Freedom of expression
• What type of causation was emphasized during the Scientific Revolution?

  Efficient cause
• The Scientific Revolution emphasized observation and mathematics, while the Enlightenment emphasized reason and individual rights
• What was the primary focus of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, respectively?

  Understanding nature and society
• Newton's laws of motion were a key development of the Scientific Revolution.
• Match the scientific or philosophical figure with their major contribution:

  1️⃣ Copernicus: Heliocentric model

  2️⃣ Galileo: Laws of motion

  3️⃣ Newton: Universal gravitation

  4️⃣ Locke: Theory of natural rights

  5️⃣ Voltaire: Freedom of expression
• What did the scientific method emphasize during the Scientific Revolution?

  Empirical observation
• The Enlightenment's focus on individual rights influenced political reforms and the concept of human rights
• What type of causality did the Scientific Revolution emphasize?

  Efficient cause
• The Scientific Revolution emphasized experimentation and observation
• Galileo used mathematical equations to describe the acceleration of a falling stone under gravity.
• What causal link did Enlightenment thinkers like Locke emphasize in governance?

  Just governance and liberty
• Rousseau's social contract suggests that societal stability arises from collective consent
• Scientific causality seeks to identify direct cause-and-effect relationships through measurable effects.
• Match the type of causality with its focus:

  Scientific causality ↔️ Observable phenomena

  Philosophical causality ↔️ Conceptual frameworks

  Final cause ↔️ Purpose or end goal
• The Scientific Revolution marked a shift towards empirical observation and mathematical reasoning
• What major scientific contribution is associated with Copernicus?

  Heliocentric model
• The Enlightenment emphasized individual freedom and logical reasoning to reform societies.
• Which Enlightenment figure advocated for the separation of powers?

  Montesquieu
• Newton's laws of motion laid the foundation for classical physics
• Voltaire's advocacy for freedom of expression influenced tolerance and free speech.
• Match the key figure with their major contribution:

  Copernicus ↔️ Heliocentric model

  Newton ↔️ Laws of universal gravitation

  Locke ↔️ Theory of natural rights
• Copernicus is known for his heliocentric model of the solar system.
• Galileo's telescopic observations supported the heliocentric model.
• Newton's laws of motion laid the foundation for classical physics.
• Match the key figure with their major contribution:

  Copernicus ↔️ Heliocentric model

  Galileo ↔️ Laws of motion

  Newton ↔️ Universal gravitation

  Locke ↔️ Natural rights

  Montesquieu ↔️ Separation of powers

  Voltaire ↔️ Freedom of expression
• John Locke's theory of natural rights influenced democratic ideals.
• Montesquieu's concept of separation of powers shaped modern political systems.
• Voltaire's advocacy for freedom of expression promoted tolerance and freedom of speech.
• Empirical observation, experimentation, and mathematical modeling were key methods used during the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment.
• Order the types of causation according to the traditional Aristotelian approach:

  1️⃣ Formal Cause

  2️⃣ Material Cause

  3️⃣ Efficient Cause

  4️⃣ Final Cause
• The formal cause, which emphasizes the essence of a thing, was largely ignored in the new scientific approach.
• The efficient cause, focusing on direct action, was emphasized through experimentation during the Scientific Revolution.