2.1 Contextualizing 16th- and 17th-Century Challenges and Developments

• What is the time frame of the Age of Reformation?

  1450 to 1648
• Arrange the phases of the Age of Reformation in chronological order.

  1️⃣ Early Reformation

  2️⃣ Protestant Reformation

  3️⃣ Radical Reformation

  4️⃣ English Reformation

  5️⃣ Counter-Reformation
• The Early Reformation, from 1450 to 1517, was influenced by humanism
• What event marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in 1517?

  Martin Luther's 95 Theses
• The Radical Reformation produced movements such as the Anabaptist Movement and the Swiss Brethren.
• Match the Reformation phase with its key event:

  Early Reformation ↔️ Printing Press

  Protestant Reformation ↔️ 95 Theses

  English Reformation ↔️ Act of Supremacy
• The Holy Roman Empire in the 15th and 16th centuries was a decentralized collection of territories
• Who was one of the key political actors in the consolidation of kingdoms during the 15th and 16th centuries?

  Henry VIII
• Kingdoms in 16th-century Europe were characterized by centralized monarchies and dynastic succession.
• What was the primary basis of autonomy for city-states like Venice and Florence?

  Trade
• The growth of trade and commerce in the 16th century created new wealth centers, leading to competition with the Church's economic power
• The Church's extensive land holdings and revenue collection were criticized for extravagance and corruption.
• Match the social class with its role in 16th-century Europe:

  Nobility ↔️ Controlled land and political power

  Clergy ↔️ Provided spiritual guidance

  Peasantry ↔️ Engaged in agriculture
• Which social class in 16th-century Europe sought social mobility through trade and commerce?

  Bourgeoisie
• The intellectual and cultural context leading to the Reformation was influenced by humanism and the printing press
• Humanism encouraged critical examination of religious doctrines and papal authority.
• What facilitated the rapid dissemination of reformist ideas during the Reformation?

  Printing press
• Humanism encouraged critical examination of religious doctrines and questioned papal authority.
• Humanism led scholars to re-evaluate the Bible and promote independent interpretation.
• What two key influences shaped the intellectual and cultural context of the Reformation?

  Humanism and printing press
• Humanism led scholars to re-evaluate the Bible, promoting independent interpretation.
• Political unrest and religious conflicts were key challenges during the 16th and 17th centuries.
• What were the main developments during the 16th and 17th centuries?

  Science, arts, and exploration
• Match the category with its key challenges and developments:

  Politics ↔️ Rise of centralized monarchies, emergence of nation-states

  Religion ↔️ Protestant Reformation, Council of Trent reforms

  Economics ↔️ Economic disparities, commercial expansion

  Science and Culture ↔️ Scientific Revolution, Renaissance and Baroque art
• The Age of Reformation spans from 1450 to 1648.
• The Age of Reformation witnessed challenges to the Catholic Church and the emergence of Protestant denominations.
• Order the phases of the Age of Reformation:

  1️⃣ Early Reformation

  2️⃣ Protestant Reformation

  3️⃣ Radical Reformation

  4️⃣ English Reformation

  5️⃣ Counter-Reformation
• What were the key events of the Protestant Reformation (1517–1555)?

  Luther's 95 Theses, Diet of Worms
• The Radical Reformation (1525–1545) saw the rise of the Anabaptist Movement.
• The Counter-Reformation was initiated by the Council of Trent and the Jesuit Order.
• What type of government did kingdoms like France, Spain, and England have in the 15th and 16th centuries?

  Centralized monarchies
• City-states such as Venice and Florence were governed by independent city councils.
• Match the state type with its government and key features:

  Kingdoms ↔️ Centralized monarchy, strong central government

  City-states ↔️ Independent city councils, trade-based economies

  Holy Roman Empire ↔️ Decentralized federalism, territories ruled by princes
• What type of government did kingdoms like France, Spain, and England have in the 15th and 16th centuries?

  Centralized monarchies
• The Holy Roman Empire was characterized by decentralized federalism
• City-states like Venice and Florence had autonomous economies based on trade.
• Who were the political actors in the Holy Roman Empire?

  Emperor and princes
• The Holy Roman Empire's government was characterized by decentralized federalism
• Order the types of European governments from most centralized to least centralized in the 15th and 16th centuries.

  1️⃣ Kingdoms

  2️⃣ City-states

  3️⃣ Holy Roman Empire
• Kingdoms in 15th- and 16th-century Europe had strong central governments and dynastic succession.