Skeletal System

• skeletal system is the 'framework' where the body is built
• skeletal system provides

  Support

  Locomotion

  Protection

  Storage

  Haemopoiesis
• skeletal system provides support as it acts as an internal scaffold
• skeletal systems provides locomotion and muscle attachment
• skeletal system provides protection for the underlying soft parts or organs
• skeletal system acts as storage for essential minerals like calcium and phosphate
• skeletal system is where haemopoiesis happens to form blood cells from bone marrow
• classification of bones:

  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat Bones
  • Irregular bones
  • Sesamoid bones
• long bones are typically the limb bones like femur and humerus
• long bones have a shaft that contains medullary cavity filled with bone marrow
• flat bones - have an outer layer of compact bone with a layer of cancellous or spongy bone inside
• what type of bone only have medullary cavity?

  long bones
• example of flat bones: flat bones of the skull, scapula, ribs
• short bones - have an outer layer with a core of cancellous bone and no medullary cavity
• example of short bones: carpal, tarsal
• irregular bones - have a similar structure to short bones but less uniform in shape, they lie in midline and unpaired
• example of irregular bones: vertebrae
• sesamoid bones - sesame-shaped bones that develops in tendons or ligaments and function to reduce 'wear and tear'
• example of sesamoid bones: patella
• pneumatic bones - contain sinuses that reduce the weight of a bone
• example of pneumatic bones: maxillary and frontal bones
• splanchnic bones - develops in a soft organ and is unattached to the rest of skeleton
• example of splanchnic bones: os penis
• it connects bone to bone

  ligament
• connects muscle to bone

  tendon
• what is the most common fracture in cats when involved in car collision?

  mandibular symphysis
• dolichocephalic - the head and nose is long and narrow
• mesaticephalic - normal or average shape of a dog skull
• brachycephalic - cranium is more rounded, nose is short and may be pushed because of shortening of nasal champers, hard palate, and mandible
• each pair of vertebrae has ____ that act as a shock absorber

  intervertebral disc
• this is a condition where the annulus fibrosus ruptures and the pulpy disc protrudes outward

  prolapsed or slipped disc
• formula of dog's vertebrae?

  C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd20-24
• where does spinal cord passes?

  vertebral foramen
• how many ligaments linked the vertebrae?

  2
• what are the ligaments that linked the vertebrae in between?

  cartilaginous and synovial
• cartilaginous - ligaments between the bodies of each vertebrae
• synovial - ligaments between the cranial and caudal articular processes
• asternal / false ribs - the 9th to 12th ribs which is attached via costal cartilages to the adjacent ribs
• sternal ribs - the 1st and 8th ribs attached directly to the sternum
• floating ribs - the last 13th pair of ribs that have no attachment to their cartilaginous ends