Understanding the Self (Module 1 to 3)

• Two thinking systems was created by who

  Daniel Kahneman
• What are the two systems of thinking?

  System 1 and System 2
• Fast, intuitive, emotional, automatic, less cognitive effort


  System 1
• slow, deliberate, reflective, analytical, complex, effortful, reflective


  system 2
• this system is capable of making quick decisions, based on very little information


  system 1
• this system makes decisions quickly, without deliberation, and conscious effort

  system 1
• this system is usually engaged in types of decisions that require attention and slow, effortful, considered responses.


  system 2
• this system is used in situations that require a much more thoughtful and rational approach than just using your gut feeling


  system 2
• both systems have respective function and that one is not necessarily better than the other (T or F)

  True
• the tendency to act in an irrational way due to our limited ability to process information objectively


  cognitive bias
• people judge an experience largely based on how they felt at its peak and its end


  peak end rule
• the total sum of pleasantness or unpleasantness is entirely disregarded

  peak end rule
• lives through the moment

  experiencing self
• writes, reads, and replays your autobiographical history

  remembering self
• when people are asked to judge the probability that an object or event belongs to a category


  representativeness
• assumption that any object or person sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category

  representativeness
• in making judgments under uncertainty, people start with a certain reference point, then adjust it insufficiently to reach a final conclusion

  anchoring and adjustment
• _____ based on the given reference point

  anchor
• _____ the anchor (either higher or lower)

  adjust
• he studied patients who claimed they were depressed and later committed suicide: microexpression


  Paul Ekman
• events, contexts, or situations that trigger an emotion


  antecedent condition
• universality of antecedent events elicit same emotions across cultures

  antecedent condition
• distinctive patterns of biological activities for each basic emotion


  physiological
• thoughts and beliefs can impact how you feel and how you behave

  cognitive appraisal
• cultural rules that dictate how emotions should be expressed; when and where expression is appropriate


  emotional expressions
• may require people to overtly show evidence of certain emotions even if they do not feel it to disguise their true feeling

  emotional expressions
• cognitive triangle

  Dr. Aaron T. Beck
• this model suggests the interactions between the individual and their environments, categorized into various systems, shape their development over time


  Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
• American psychologist that formulated the Ecological Systems Theory 


  Urie Bronfenbrenner
• • age
  • sex
  • special needs

  individual
• the smallest and most immediate environment in which children live


  microsystem
• interactions within this system typically involve personal relationships with family members, classmates, teachers and caregivers.

  microsystem
• how these group or individuals interact with the children will affect how they grow


  microsystem
• encompasses the interaction of the different microsystems which children find themselves in


  mesosystem
• it is, in essence, a system of microsystems and as such, involves linkages between home and school, between peer group and family, and between family and community.


  mesosystem
• pertains to the linkages that may exist between two or more settings, one of which may not contain the developing children but may affect them indirectly nonetheless.


  exosystem
• people and places that children may not directly interact with may still have an impact on their lives


  exosystem
• such places and people may include parents' workplaces, extended family members, and the neighborhood the children live in


  exosystem
• the largest and most distant collection of people and places to the children that still have significant influences on them


  macrosystem
• this ecological system is composed of the children's cultural patterns and values, specifically their dominant beliefs and ideas, as well as the political and economic system


  macrosystem