11.5.2 Conducting a Study

• What is a well-defined research question essential for in a psychological study?

  Guiding the investigation
• A good research question is focused, specific, and measurable
• Match the type of hypothesis with its definition:

  Null Hypothesis ↔️ No significant relationship

  Alternative Hypothesis ↔️ Significant relationship exists
• What symbol represents the null hypothesis?

  $H_{0}$
• The null hypothesis states that there is no significant relationship or difference
• Experimental designs establish cause-and-effect relationships but may lack realism due to artificial settings.
• Match the research design with its key feature:

  Experimental ↔️ Random assignment

  Correlational ↔️ Correlation coefficient

  Case Study ↔️ In-depth analysis

  Quasi-Experimental ↔️ Existing groups
• What is the target population in psychological research?

  Group researchers generalize findings
• A random sample is selected randomly from the population
• A stratified sample ensures proportionate representation from different subgroups within the population.
• What is the primary goal of data collection in psychological research?

  Testing hypotheses
• Ensuring both reliability and validity in data collection is crucial for accurate results.
• Steps involved in data analysis in psychological research

  1️⃣ Cleaning data

  2️⃣ Organizing data

  3️⃣ Interpreting data
• What does a p-value less than 0.05 indicate in statistical significance?

  Significant results
• Effect size measures the strength of the relationship between variables.
• A p-value less than 0.05 often indicates statistical significance
• Effect size helps determine the practical importance of research findings.
• Statistical significance indicates whether the results are likely due to chance
• A Cohen's d of 0.5 indicates a medium effect size
• A good research question is focused, specific, and measurable
• Match the hypothesis type with its definition:

  Null Hypothesis ↔️ No significant relationship between variables

  Alternative Hypothesis ↔️ Significant relationship between variables
• In the null hypothesis, there is no significant effect between variables.
• A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between variables
• The four main types of research designs are experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, and case study designs.
• Random assignment is a key feature of quasi-experimental designs.

  False
• Identifying participants involves selecting a sample from a target population
• Match the sampling method with its description:

  Random Sample ↔️ Individuals are randomly selected

  Stratified Sample ↔️ Population divided into subgroups

  Convenience Sample ↔️ Easily accessible individuals are selected

  Volunteer Sample ↔️ Participants self-select to participate
• Data collection methods include surveys, experiments, and interviews.
• Observation involves watching and recording behaviors
• Social desirability bias is a disadvantage of surveys
• What is the primary purpose of data collection in research?

  To test hypotheses
• Surveys use questionnaires to gather attitudes and opinions
• Experiments are used to determine cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables.
• What is a disadvantage of observation as a data collection method?

  Observer bias
• Surveys are efficient for collecting data from a large sample
• Why is observation considered time-consuming in data collection?

  Requires direct recording
• Experiments may raise ethical concerns due to artificial settings
• Interviews provide rich qualitative data but may be influenced by researcher bias.
• What are two key factors to ensure in data collection for accurate results?

  Reliability and validity
• Observer bias is a disadvantage of the observation