8.3.1 Theories of Addiction

• What is addiction defined as?

  Compulsive substance use
• Substance misuse involves using substances in ways that deviate from medical or cultural norms
• Addiction is characterized by tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.
• What are some consequences of addiction?

  Physical, psychological, social harm
• Genetic predispositions can significantly increase an individual's vulnerability
• Match the genetic factor with its associated gene and impact on addiction:

  Dopamine Receptor Gene ↔️ DRD2, influences reward sensitivity

  Alcohol Dehydrogenase Gene ↔️ ADH, affects alcohol metabolism

  Serotonin Transporter Gene ↔️ SLC6A4, affects mood regulation
• Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with reward and reinforcement in addiction?

  Dopamine
• Learning theories suggest that addiction arises from classical and operant conditioning
• Observational learning involves imitating the substance use behaviors of others.
• What does self-efficacy refer to in addiction theory?

  Belief in ability to resist substance use
• What do psychological theories of addiction emphasize?

  Learning, cognition, social factors
• Learning theories suggest that addiction arises from classical and operant conditioning.
• Classical conditioning involves associating substance use with pleasurable stimuli
• How does operant conditioning reinforce drug-seeking behavior?

  Positive and negative reinforcement
• Cognitive theories of addiction focus on distorted thought patterns and irrational beliefs.
• Cognitive distortions like rationalization and denial justify substance use
• What is the aim of relapse prevention techniques?

  Correct distortions and develop coping strategies
• Social-cognitive theories highlight the influence of observation, modeling, and self-efficacy.
• What is observational learning in social-cognitive theories?

  Imitating substance use behaviors
• Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to resist substance use
• Arrange the following theories in order from most to least emphasis on behavioral reinforcement:

  1️⃣ Learning Theories

  2️⃣ Social-Cognitive Theories

  3️⃣ Cognitive Theories
• Social theories of addiction posit that environmental factors and social learning influence substance use.
• Social identity theory suggests individuals adopt substance use patterns aligned with their perceived group norms
• What does differential association theory highlight?

  Exposure to pro-drug attitudes
• Match the social theory with its key concept:

  Social Identity Theory ↔️ Group membership

  Differential Association Theory ↔️ Peer influence
• What is addiction characterized by?

  Compulsive substance seeking and use
• Substance misuse involves using substances in ways that deviate from medical or cultural norms.
• Substance misuse can lead to harm but is not necessarily compulsive
• What are the key characteristics of addiction?

  Loss of control, tolerance, withdrawal
• Match the term with its definition:

  Addiction ↔️ Compulsive substance use

  Substance Misuse ↔️ Deviating from norms
• Biological theories of addiction focus on genetic and neurochemical factors.
• The dopamine receptor DRD2 affects reward sensitivity
• What is an example of classical conditioning in learning theories of addiction?

  Drug use paired with social occasions
• Arrange the following theories in order from most to least emphasis on social factors:

  1️⃣ Social Theories

  2️⃣ Social-Cognitive Theories

  3️⃣ Cognitive Theories

  4️⃣ Learning Theories
• What is the primary focus of social theories of addiction?

  Environmental and social factors
• Social Identity Theory suggests substance use aligns with perceived group norms.
• Differential Association Theory highlights the role of pro-drug peers in normalizing substance misuse
• Match the theory with its key concept:

  Social Identity Theory ↔️ Group membership

  Differential Association Theory ↔️ Peer influence
• What is the mechanism behind Social Identity Theory's influence on substance use?

  Conformity
• Differential Association Theory emphasizes the adoption of attitudes from pro-drug peers