8.7.3 Neuroethics

• What is the definition of Neuroethics?

  Ethical implications of neuroscience
• Brain-computer interfaces raise concerns about personal identity and autonomy
• Key ethical principles in neuroscience guide researchers and clinicians in balancing benefits with potential risks.
• Match the ethical principle with its description:

  Beneficence ↔️ Maximizing well-being and minimizing harm

  Non-maleficence ↔️ Avoiding harm or unnecessary risks

  Justice ↔️ Ensuring equal access to neuroscience interventions

  Autonomy ↔️ Respecting individual decision-making
• What does the ethical principle of privacy emphasize in neuroscience?

  Protecting brain data
• Neuroimaging refers to techniques used to visualize the structure and function of the brain.
• fMRI uses magnetic resonance imaging to detect changes in brain blood flow.
• What ethical consideration is specific to PET scans due to their use of radioactive tracers?

  Radiation exposure risks
• Match the neuroimaging technology with its ethical consideration:

  fMRI ↔️ Privacy concerns regarding brain data

  EEG ↔️ Potential for monitoring brain activity without consent

  PET ↔️ Radiation exposure risks
• Neuroenhancement refers to the use of technologies and drugs to improve cognitive functions.
• What is one ethical argument against neuroenhancement in terms of fairness and justice?

  Worsens existing inequalities
• Neuroenhancement could undermine individual autonomy by altering decision-making abilities.
• What are three ethical issues raised by neuroimaging technologies?

  Informed consent, privacy, misuse of brain data
• In an fMRI study, participants must understand the risks and benefits before providing consent
• Neuroenhancement can improve cognitive abilities and quality of life.
• Match the ethical issue with its implication in neuroenhancement:

  Fairness ↔️ Exacerbates inequalities

  Autonomy ↔️ Coercion undermines choice

  Beneficence ↔️ Potential long-term risks

  Personal Identity ↔️ Alters core aspects of self
• What is one argument against neuroenhancement regarding social inequalities?

  Creates a cognitive elite
• Neuroethics in criminal justice aims to improve forensic accuracy and enhance rehabilitation
• Brain data in criminal justice raises serious privacy concerns.
• Order the arguments for using neuroethics in criminal justice:

  1️⃣ Improving forensic accuracy

  2️⃣ Enhancing rehabilitation

  3️⃣ Understanding criminal behavior
• What does neuroethics study?

  Ethical and social implications of neuroscience
• The ethical principle of beneficence in neuroscience aims to maximize benefits
• Protecting brain data is a key aspect of privacy in neuroethics.
• What does neuroimaging visualize in the brain?

  Structure and function
• fMRI measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow
• Match the neuroimaging technology with its ethical consideration:

  fMRI ↔️ Informed consent required

  PET ↔️ Radiation exposure risks

  EEG ↔️ False positive risk
• What is one ethical issue raised by neuroimaging technologies?

  Protecting privacy
• What is one argument for neuroenhancement regarding fairness?

  Levels the playing field
• Coercion may undermine autonomy in neuroenhancement.
• What is one goal of neuroethics in criminal justice?

  Improving forensic accuracy
• Brain-based lie detectors in criminal justice raise concerns about privacy
• Match the ethical issue in neuromarketing with its example:

  Privacy ↔️ Securely storing brain scans

  Manipulation ↔️ Avoiding subliminal messaging
• What is one ethical issue in personalized medicine and genomics?

  Protection of genetic information
• Genetic discrimination is a major concern in personalized medicine.