11.5.3 Analysing Data

• Descriptive statistics calculates measures like mean, median, and standard deviation
• What is the purpose of data analysis in psychological research?

  Identify patterns and test hypotheses
• Descriptive statistics uses measures like mean, median, and standard deviation
• What statistical methods are used in data analysis to identify patterns, trends, and correlations?

  Statistical methods
• A researcher comparing memory test scores after 8 hours versus 4 hours of sleep is using data analysis.
• Data analysis uses statistical methods to identify patterns, trends, and correlations
• What factors influence the choice of data analysis technique?

  Research design and data type
• A t-test is used to compare the means of two groups
• What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?

  Summarise data without inferences
• Match the descriptive statistic with its definition:

  Mean ↔️ Average of all values

  Median ↔️ Middle value in a sorted dataset
• Standard deviation measures the spread of data around the mean.
• What is the mean of the following test scores: 60, 75, 80, 85, 90?

  78
• The median is the middle value when data is ordered.
• Inferential statistics are used to make inferences about a population
• What assumptions must be met to use a t-test or ANOVA?

  Data normally distributed, equal variances
• Statistical significance in inferential statistics indicates that observed differences are likely due to chance.

  False
• Steps in the data analysis process in psychological research

  1️⃣ Data Cleaning

  2️⃣ Descriptive Statistics

  3️⃣ Inferential Statistics

  4️⃣ Interpretation
• What is the primary purpose of data analysis in psychological research?

  To extract meaningful insights
• The first step in data analysis is cleaning
• Descriptive statistics include measures like mean, median, and standard deviation.
• Match the descriptive statistic with its purpose:

  Mean ↔️ Indicates central tendency

  Median ↔️ Provides central value, less affected by outliers

  Mode ↔️ Indicates most common value

  Standard Deviation ↔️ Measures data dispersion
• Inferential statistics are used to make inferences about a population
• What statistical test is used to compare the means of two groups?

  t-test
• Data analysis in psychological research aims to identify patterns, trends, and correlations within the data.
• The choice of data analysis technique depends on the research design
• What statistical test is used to compare the means of three or more groups?

  ANOVA
• Descriptive statistics summarize data without drawing inferences about a larger population.
• The formula for calculating the mean is \bar{x} = \frac{\sum x}{n}
• What does the standard deviation measure in descriptive statistics?

  Spread of data
• Inferential statistics require assumptions such as normally distributed data and equal variances.
• What assumption is necessary for using a t-test to compare two groups?

  Equal variances
• Statistical significance is determined using p-values
• What does Cohen's d measure in effect size?

  Standardized mean difference
• A Cohen's d of 0.8 indicates a large effect size.
• Match the presentation method with its advantage:

  Written Reports ↔️ Detailed, structured

  Oral Presentations ↔️ Interactive, allows for clarification

  Posters ↔️ Visually appealing, concise summary

  Infographics ↔️ Simple, easy to understand
• Steps in interpreting research findings

  1️⃣ Review statistical results

  2️⃣ Relate findings to research question

  3️⃣ Discuss limitations and biases

  4️⃣ Draw conclusions and implications