Cognitive theories in criminology examine how an individual's thought processes and beliefs influence their likelihood of committing criminal behavior.
People have internal mental representations of the world.
Cognitive distortions and moral reasoning play significant roles in criminal behavior.
Cognitive distortions are flawed thinking patterns that justify criminal behavior.
Minimization is a cognitive distortion that downplays the impact of criminal actions.
Externalization involves attributing behavior to external factors to avoid blame.
Blame attribution is a cognitive distortion where offenders believe others are responsible for their actions.
Moral reasoning is the cognitive process of evaluating right and wrong actions.
Order the three levels of Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
1️⃣ Preconventional
2️⃣ Conventional
3️⃣ Postconventional
At the preconventional level, moral reasoning is focused on consequences to oneself.
At the postconventional level, moral reasoning is based on universal ethical principles.
Psychologists can understand the motivations behind criminal behavior by examining an offender's level of moral development.
People have internal mental representations of the world.
Cognitive distortions and moral reasoning play significant roles in criminal behavior.
Internal mental representations affect how individuals interpret situations.
The cognitive distortion theory focuses on distorted thought patterns.
Moral reasoning theory emphasizes stages of moral development.
An example of minimization is thinking "I only stole a small amount, it's not a big deal."
Externalization involves attributing blame to external factors.
What are the three levels in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional
The postconventional level in Kohlberg's theory focuses on universal ethical principles
Criminals often exhibit lower levels of moral reasoning, particularly at the preconventional and conventional stages.
Match each Kohlberg's stage with its focus:
Preconventional ↔️ Consequences to oneself
Conventional ↔️ Maintaining social order
Postconventional ↔️ Universal ethical principles
An individual at the preconventional stage might steal to avoid starving
Moral reasoning refers to the cognitive processes used to evaluate whether actions are right or wrong.
Stages of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg's theory:
1️⃣ Preconventional
2️⃣ Conventional
3️⃣ Postconventional
Piaget's theory of cognitive development includes the sensorimotor stage, where learning occurs through senses and actions.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) in Vygotsky's theory?
Potential learning area
Vygotsky's theory emphasizes social interaction and cultural context in learning.
Match each cognitive development theory with its key idea:
Piaget ↔️ Stages of cognitive growth
Vygotsky ↔️ Social interaction, ZPD, scaffolding
In which stage of Piaget's theory does a child learn to count by manipulating physical objects?
Concrete operational
Cognitive behavioral interventions (CBI) are based on principles of cognitive behavioral therapy.
Cognitive restructuring involves changing negative thought patterns to correct distorted beliefs about offending.