8.3.2 Alzheimer's Disease

Cards (47)

  • Hyperphosphorylated tau protein in neurofibrillary tangles stabilizes the cytoskeleton.
    False
  • Neurofibrillary tangles are intracellular aggregates made up of hyperphosphorylated tau
  • What is the composition of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease?
    β-amyloid proteins
  • Neurofibrillary tangles are located extracellularly in neurons.
    False
  • Steps in the formation of amyloid plaques
    1️⃣ APP is cleaved by β-secretase
    2️⃣ γ-secretase further cleaves APP
    3️⃣ β-amyloid proteins accumulate
  • What effect do amyloid plaques have on neurons?
    Disrupt cell communication
  • Memory loss in Alzheimer's disease includes difficulty retaining new information
  • Cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease affects problem-solving and planning abilities.
  • What mood and behavioral changes are common in Alzheimer's disease?
    Depression, anxiety, confusion
  • What type of disorder is Alzheimer's disease?
    Neurodegenerative disorder
  • Amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease are formed by the accumulation of β-amyloid proteins.
  • Neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease primarily occurs in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
  • Match the feature with its occurrence in normal brain aging or Alzheimer's disease:
    Memory Loss ↔️ Occasional forgetfulness in normal brain aging
    Amyloid Plaques ↔️ Minimal in normal brain aging
    Cognitive Decline ↔️ Rapid and pervasive in Alzheimer's disease
    Neurofibrillary Tangles ↔️ Few in normal brain aging
  • What protein forms neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease?
    Tau
  • In Alzheimer's disease, cognitive decline is described as rapid and pervasive.
  • Neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease is limited compared to normal brain aging.
    False
  • What are the two main categories of risk factors associated with Alzheimer's disease?
    Genetic and lifestyle
  • Mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 cause familial Alzheimer's disease.
  • The ApoE4 allele increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease, while ApoE3 is neutral.
  • Rank the lifestyle risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in order of significance:
    1️⃣ Age
    2️⃣ Cardiovascular Health
    3️⃣ Head Injury
    4️⃣ Lack of Physical Activity
  • What enzymes cleave APP to produce β-amyloid proteins?
    β-secretase and γ-secretase
  • In healthy neurons, tau protein stabilizes microtubules.
  • Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein.
  • Order the sequence of events leading to the formation of amyloid plaques:
    1️⃣ APP is cleaved by β-secretase
    2️⃣ β-amyloid proteins are produced
    3️⃣ Amyloid plaques form between neurons
  • Match the feature with its location in neurons:
    Amyloid Plaques ↔️ Extracellular
    Neurofibrillary Tangles ↔️ Intracellular
  • Which genes are associated with familial Alzheimer's disease?
    APP, PSEN1, PSEN2
  • Age is the greatest single lifestyle risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.
  • Cardiovascular conditions like high blood pressure increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
  • What two enzymes are involved in the cleavage of APP to form β-amyloid proteins?
    β-secretase and γ-secretase
  • Order the sequence of events leading to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles:
    1️⃣ Tau protein becomes hyperphosphorylated
    2️⃣ Tau detaches from microtubules
    3️⃣ Neurofibrillary tangles form within neurons
  • What inflammatory response is triggered by amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease?
    Neuronal damage
  • Match the stage of Alzheimer's disease with its primary characteristics:
    Early Stage ↔️ Short-term memory problems
    Mid Stage ↔️ Significant confusion
    Late Stage ↔️ Severe disorientation
  • Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder
  • What are amyloid plaques composed of in Alzheimer's disease?
    β-amyloid proteins
  • Neurofibrillary tangles form inside neurons and consist of hyperphosphorylated tau protein.
  • How do amyloid plaques differ in normal aging versus Alzheimer's disease?
    Minimal in normal aging
  • Diagnostic steps for Alzheimer's disease
    1️⃣ Cognitive assessments
    2️⃣ Brain imaging techniques
  • Which ApoE allele is associated with the highest risk of Alzheimer's disease?
    ApoE4
  • Age is the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease
  • A sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease.