10.4.2 Evidence for Innate Non-Verbal Behaviour

• Non-verbal behaviour refers to the process of conveying information or expressing emotions without using words
• The innate perspective on non-verbal communication suggests that certain behaviors are learned from the environment.

  False
• Who identified six universal facial expressions as evidence for the innate perspective?

  Paul Ekman
• The innate perspective on non-verbal behavior states that these behaviors are biologically determined
• What do infant studies suggest about the nature of non-verbal behavior?

  Biological predisposition
• Meltzoff & Moore (1977) found that infants as young as a few days old can imitate facial expressions.
• Infants can distinguish between happy, sad, and angry faces by the age of 4-6 months
• What type of faces do infants prefer, according to research on facial recognition?

  Familiar faces
• The innate perspective proposes that non-verbal behaviors are universal across cultures.
• What did Paul Ekman's cross-cultural studies on facial expressions demonstrate?

  Universal recognition
• What did research by Eibl-Eibesfeldt on blind children suggest about emotional expression?

  Innate emotional expression
• Deaf individuals without formal sign language develop spontaneous gestural systems with basic grammatical structures
• Paul Ekman's research identified six universal facial expressions that are recognized across cultures.
• What does the innate perspective on non-verbal communication suggest?

  Biologically determined behaviours
• Paul Ekman's research identified six universal facial expressions, including happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust
• People from different cultures can consistently recognize the six universal facial expressions identified by Ekman.
• According to the innate perspective, where do non-verbal behaviours originate?

  Inherited genes
• The cultural perspective suggests that non-verbal behaviours are learned from the environment
• A baby's instinctual crying when distressed illustrates innate non-verbal communication.
• What do infant studies suggest about non-verbal behaviour?

  Biological predisposition
• Meltzoff and Moore (1977) demonstrated that infants can imitate facial expressions from a few days old, such as sticking out the tongue
• An infant smiling when shown a happy face illustrates their innate ability to recognize and respond positively to joyful expressions.
• What did Paul Ekman's cross-cultural studies on facial expressions find?

  Six basic emotions are universal
• Cultural norms influence how emotions are expressed, with some cultures masking negative emotions in public
• People in Japan and the United States identify happiness in photos at similar rates, confirming its universal recognition.
• What did Eibl-Eibesfeldt find in his studies on congenitally blind children?

  They smiled during pleasant experiences
• Susan Goldin-Meadow discovered that deaf individuals develop spontaneous gestural systems with basic grammatical structures
• What do studies on blind individuals suggest about facial expressions?

  Innate emotional expression
• A deaf child inventing a hand sign for "hungry" illustrates the innate tendency to communicate.
• What evidence from infant studies supports the role of genetics in non-verbal behaviour?

  Facial imitation
• Studies on blind and deaf individuals provide insights into the innate nature of non-verbal behaviour
• What did Meltzoff & Moore (1977) demonstrate in their study on infants?

  Imitation of facial expressions
• Blind individuals express facial expressions like smiling without visual learning
• The innate perspective suggests that non-verbal behaviors are biologically determined and universal across cultures.
• What does the ability of infants to differentiate and respond to facial expressions indicate?

  Biological predisposition
• Deaf individuals develop spontaneous gestural systems
• What is the innate perspective's view on non-verbal behaviors?

  Biologically determined and universal
• Evidence from infant studies supports the idea that infants are born with the ability to recognize and respond to facial expressions.
• How do blind individuals express facial expressions like smiling?

  Without visual learning
• What does the innate perspective propose about non-verbal behaviors across cultures?

  Universal and biologically determined