3.2.1 Testosterone

• What type of hormone is testosterone?

  Steroid hormone
• Testosterone is produced primarily in the testes in males and ovaries in females
• Testosterone is produced in equal amounts in males and females.

  False
• What is the primary role of testosterone in males?

  Male reproductive development
• Match the role of testosterone with its description:

  Development ↔️ Development of male reproductive organs

  Secondary Sexual Characteristics ↔️ Growth of facial hair, deepening of voice
• Testosterone plays a role in spermatogenesis.
• What other behavior is testosterone involved in regulating besides reproduction?

  Aggression
• Aggression is defined as behavior intended to cause physical or psychological harm
• Correlation coefficients between testosterone and aggression typically range from 0.20 to 0.40.
• Which study found a consistent association between high testosterone levels and increased aggression?

  Mazur and Booth (1998)
• Testosterone influences aggression by interacting with neurotransmitter systems like serotonin and dopamine
• What secondary sexual characteristics are influenced by testosterone?

  Growth of facial hair, deepening of voice
• Steps involved in the process of spermatogenesis

  1️⃣ Meiosis I

  2️⃣ Meiosis II

  3️⃣ Spermiogenesis
• Individuals with higher testosterone levels always exhibit aggressive behavior.

  False
• What brain region does testosterone influence in relation to emotion processing?

  Amygdala
• Alternative explanations for aggression include social learning, individual personality traits, and environmental factors
• What is the typical range of correlation coefficients between testosterone levels and aggression?

  $0.20 to 0.40$
• Mazur and Booth (1998) found a consistent, though moderate association between high testosterone levels and increased aggression.
• Testosterone interacts with neurotransmitter systems like serotonin and dopamine.
• Which brain region is influenced by testosterone and involved in emotion processing?

  Amygdala
• Alternative explanations for aggression include social learning, individual personality traits, and environmental factors.
• What is the definition of aggression?

  Behavior intended to cause harm
• There is a positive correlation between testosterone levels and aggression.
• What did the Mazur and Booth (1998) study find regarding testosterone and aggression?

  Moderate positive correlation
• The Dabbs et al. (1995) study found that high testosterone levels correlated with violent crime in prisoners.
• Research evidence proves a causal relationship between testosterone and aggression.

  False
• What is one methodological limitation of research on testosterone and aggression?

  Lack of causation
• Testosterone is produced primarily in the testes in males and ovaries in females.
• Testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive organs.
• What is one secondary sexual characteristic influenced by testosterone in males?

  Deepening of voice
• Testosterone is essential for the production of sperm.
• What is one key mechanism through which testosterone may influence aggression?

  Neurotransmitter modulation
• The amygdala is a brain region influenced by testosterone and involved in emotion processing.
• Social learning suggests that aggression is learned through observation and reinforcement.
• What are personality traits that may predispose individuals to aggression called?

  Aggressive traits
• The Mazur and Booth (1998) study established a causal relationship between testosterone and aggression.

  False
• What type of study did Mazur and Booth (1998) conduct to examine the link between testosterone and aggression?

  Literature review
• Dabbs et al. (1995) found that high testosterone levels correlated with violent crime in prisoners.
• The Dabbs et al. (1995) study can be generalized to non-prisoner populations.

  False
• What is one confounding variable that can obscure the true relationship between testosterone and aggression?

  Social background