2.2.2 Retrieval Failure

• Retrieval failure occurs when stored information is accessible but cannot be accessed due to a lack of effective retrieval cues
• Context dependency refers to emotional or physiological state mismatches between encoding and retrieval.

  False
• Primary causes of retrieval failure

  1️⃣ Lack of cues

  2️⃣ Context dependency

  3️⃣ State dependency
• Forgetting the name of a familiar person at a social event may occur due to the absence of usual context cues
• What does the encoding specificity principle state?

  Matching cues aid retrieval
• Matching encoding and retrieval contexts enhances retrieval accuracy
• What does the similarity measure in the encoding specificity principle refer to?

  Alignment of contexts
• Context-dependent forgetting occurs when the retrieval context differs from the encoding context
• Scuba divers recall words better underwater when they studied underwater, illustrating context-dependent forgetting.
• What is the mathematical relationship expressing context-dependent forgetting?

  $P(\text{Recall}) \propto \text{Similarity}(\text{Context}_{\text{encode}}, \text{Context}_{\text{retrieve}})$
• Match the key components of context-dependent forgetting with their descriptions:

  Encoding context ↔️ Environment during learning

  Retrieval context ↔️ Environment during recall

  Similarity ↔️ Degree of context match
• Retrieval failure can occur due to a mismatch between encoding and retrieval contexts.
• Retrieval failure occurs when stored information is inaccessible due to a lack of effective retrieval cues
• What are the three primary causes of retrieval failure?

  Lack of cues, context, state
• Match the causes of retrieval failure with their descriptions:

  Lack of cues ↔️ Absent retrieval cues hinder memory access

  Context dependency ↔️ Mismatch between encoding and retrieval context impairs recall

  State dependency ↔️ Emotional or physiological state mismatch between encoding and retrieval
• Studying in a quiet library enhances recall in the same environment
• Matching contexts during encoding and retrieval improve recall accuracy
• The encoding specificity principle states that memory retrieval is most effective when retrieval cues match the encoding context
• Match the key components of the encoding specificity principle with their descriptions:

  Contextual cues ↔️ Environmental stimuli during encoding

  Encoding specificity ↔️ Specific details stored with memory
• Using contextual cues in study strategies improves recall accuracy
• Scuba divers recall words better underwater if they studied underwater
• Scuba divers provide an example of context-dependent forgetting
• Studying while happy and recalling while sad may result in poor recall
• Match the key components of state-dependent forgetting with their descriptions:

  Encoding state ↔️ Emotional and physiological condition during encoding

  Retrieval state ↔️ Emotional and physiological condition during retrieval
• Cues in memory retrieval can be semantic, contextual, or personal
• Order the primary causes of retrieval failure:

  1️⃣ Lack of cues

  2️⃣ Context dependency

  3️⃣ State dependency
• The encoding specificity principle states that memory retrieval is most effective when cues at retrieval match the encoding context
• Matching encoding and retrieval contexts improves recall accuracy
• What is context-dependent forgetting?

  Impaired recall due to environmental mismatch
• The likelihood of successful memory retrieval is related to the similarity between encoding and retrieval contexts.
• What example is used to illustrate context-dependent forgetting in the study material?

  Scuba divers underwater
• The probability of recall increases with the degree of similarity between encoding and retrieval contexts.
• Match the key component of context-dependent forgetting with its description:

  Encoding context ↔️ Environment during learning

  Retrieval context ↔️ Environment during recall

  Similarity ↔️ Degree of context match

  Recall probability ↔️ Likelihood of retrieval
• What is state-dependent forgetting?

  Impaired recall due to state mismatch
• Studying while happy and recalling while sad may result in poor recall.
• The probability of recall increases with the degree of similarity between encoding and retrieval states.
• Match the key component of state-dependent forgetting with its description:

  Encoding state ↔️ Condition during encoding

  Retrieval state ↔️ Condition during retrieval

  State similarity ↔️ Match between states

  Recall probability ↔️ Likelihood of retrieval
• Why are cues important for memory retrieval?

  They act as prompts
• Semantic cues relate to the meaning of content.
• What do contextual cues link memory to?

  Encoding environment