What are the two main types of interference in interference theory?
Proactive and retroactive
In retroactive interference, newer memories disrupt the ability to recall older
What type of interference occurs when old memories disrupt the ability to recall newer memories?
Proactive interference
Proactive interference affects the recall of newer memories.
Why does proactive interference occur?
Overlap of old information
If you study Spanish first and then French, recalling French vocabulary might be difficult because your Spanish vocabulary interferes with it. This is an example of proactive
Retroactive interference occurs because newer information overlaps with older information during retrieval.
What is an example of retroactive interference?
Learning Chapter 3 vocabulary disrupts recall of Chapter 1 vocabulary
In proactive interference, old memories hinder the recall of new information.
What is the direction of interference in retroactive interference?
New to old
Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information hinders the retrieval of more recent information.
What are the two types of similarity that increase interference?
Semantic and phonetic
Semantic similarity refers to concepts with related meanings.
Which researcher conducted a study in 1957 demonstrating proactive interference using word lists?
Underwood
Muller and Pilzecker's research in 1900 supported the concept of retroactive interference.
What are the two main types of interference studied in the context of interference theory?
Proactive and retroactive
Proactive interference occurs when old memories disrupt the ability to recall newer memories.
Retroactive interference happens when newer memories disrupt the recall of older memories.
Which study demonstrated proactive interference?
Underwood (1957)
Muller and Pilzecker's study showed that learning a new list immediately after an old one disrupted the recall of the older list.
What does interference theory propose about forgetting?
Memories compete with each other
Match the type of interference with its direction and effect on recall:
Proactive Interference ↔️ Old to New: Hinders recall of new memories
Retroactive Interference ↔️ New to Old: Disrupts recall of old memories
Proactive interference occurs when old memories disrupt the ability to recall new memories.
When does retroactive interference occur?
Newer memories disrupt older ones
Learning Spanish before French can lead to proactive interference when trying to recall French words.
What are the two types of similarity that increase interference?
Semantic and phonetic
Semantic similarity occurs when concepts have related meanings.
Phonetic similarity refers to words that sound alike, making recall challenging.
Match the type of similarity with its description and example:
Semantic Similarity ↔️ Concepts with related meanings: Remembering dog after learning cat
Phonetic Similarity ↔️ Words that sound similar: Recalling bear after learning pear
Arrange the following studies and findings according to the type of interference they demonstrate:
1️⃣ Proactive Interference: Underwood (1957) - Old lists hinder recall of new lists
2️⃣ Retroactive Interference: Muller and Pilzecker (1900) - New lists disrupt recall of old lists
What is one strength of interference theory in explaining forgetting?
Explains everyday forgetting
Interference theory is supported by numerous controlled experiments.
Studies supporting interference theory may lack ecological validity due to artificial lab settings.
What does interference theory overemphasize in explaining forgetting?
Similarity between memories
Interference theory primarily explains forgetting during retrieval rather than storage.