1.3.2 Sampling Methods

• What is the primary purpose of sampling in research?

  To generalize research findings
• A representative sample ensures that research findings can be generalized to the target population.
• Steps in the sampling process

  1️⃣ Define the target population

  2️⃣ Choose a sampling method

  3️⃣ Recruit participants

  4️⃣ Analyze data
• Give an example of a research scenario where sampling is necessary.

  Studying attitudes toward climate change
• In random sampling, every individual in the target population has an equal chance of being selected
• What is an advantage of random sampling?

  Low bias
• Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subgroups and then randomly sampling within each subgroup.
• Why is stratified sampling more complex than random sampling?

  Requires dividing population into subgroups
• Opportunity sampling involves selecting participants based on availability
• What is a limitation of opportunity sampling?

  High bias
• Match the sampling method with its description:

  Random Sampling ↔️ Each individual has equal chance of selection

  Stratified Sampling ↔️ Population divided into subgroups, random sampling within each

  Opportunity Sampling ↔️ Participants selected based on availability

  Systematic Sampling ↔️ Participants selected at regular intervals
• Probability sampling ensures that every member of the population has a known chance of being selected.
• Which type of sampling method is used when every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected?

  Random sampling
• In stratified sampling, the population is divided into subgroups, and then random samples are taken from each
• What is a key advantage of cluster sampling?

  Cost-effective
• Cluster sampling is particularly useful for studying large populations.
• Why is simple random sampling preferred over systematic sampling?

  Reduces bias
• Sampling is the process of selecting a sample of individuals from a larger target population to participate in a study.representative
• The first step in sampling is to define the target population
• Steps involved in sampling

  1️⃣ Define the target population

  2️⃣ Choose a sampling method

  3️⃣ Recruit participants

  4️⃣ Analyze data
• Match the sampling steps with their descriptions

  Define target population ↔️ Specify who you want to generalize to

  Choose sampling method ↔️ Select a method (e.g., random, stratified)

  Recruit participants ↔️ Gather individuals from the target population

  Analyze data ↔️ Draw conclusions based on sample data
• What are the two main categories of sampling methods?

  Probability and non-probability
• In simple random sampling, each individual has an equal chance of being selected
• Stratified sampling ensures the representation of all key subgroups
• Which non-probability sampling method selects participants based on availability and convenience?

  Opportunity sampling
• Ordering of probability sampling methods from least to most complex

  1️⃣ Random sampling

  2️⃣ Systematic sampling

  3️⃣ Stratified sampling

  4️⃣ Cluster sampling
• Why are non-probability sampling methods often used despite their limitations?

  Practical constraints
• Convenience sampling is quick and inexpensive but has a high risk of bias
• Match the sampling methods with their strengths and limitations

  Simple Random Sampling ↔️ Low bias, may not represent subgroups

  Stratified Sampling ↔️ Ensures subgroup representation, complex setup

  Convenience Sampling ↔️ Quick and inexpensive, high risk of bias

  Snowball Sampling ↔️ Accesses hard-to-reach groups, limited control
• Sampling methods are essential in social psychology research for studying a representative sample of a target population
• Sampling methods in social psychology research enable researchers to study a representative sample
• Stratified sampling ensures representation from different subgroups
• Convenience sampling is cost-effective but has a high risk of bias.
• Purposive sampling is used to gather in-depth data from individuals with specific characteristics
• Match the sampling concept with its purpose:

  Sample ↔️ Subset of the population

  Target population ↔️ Entire group of interest

  Representative sample ↔️ Reflects the population accurately

  Generalization ↔️ Applying findings to the population
• Steps in the sampling process:

  1️⃣ Define target population

  2️⃣ Choose sampling method

  3️⃣ Recruit participants

  4️⃣ Analyze data
• There are two main categories of sampling methods: probability sampling and non-probability sampling.
• In probability sampling, every member of the population has a known chance of being selected.
• Opportunity sampling involves selecting participants based on ease of access.
• Volunteer sampling is a non-probability method where participants self-select into the study.