2.1.1 Information Processing

• What does information processing refer to in the context of memory?

  Acquire, store, and retrieve information
• Steps in the information processing model of memory

  1️⃣ Encoding

  2️⃣ Storage

  3️⃣ Retrieval
• Encoding involves converting sensory information into a format that can be stored in memory.
• Encoding involves processes such as attention, association, and categorization
• Sensory memory is the initial stage of memory that captures brief impressions from our senses.
• What is the duration of information in sensory memory?

  Seconds or milliseconds
• The two types of sensory memory are iconic memory for visual information and echoic memory for auditory
• Short-term memory (STM) has a limited capacity of about 7 items (+/- 2).
• What is the duration of information in STM without rehearsal?

  15-30 seconds
• Compared to STM, long-term memory (LTM) has an unlimited capacity
• What is the capacity of short-term memory (STM)?

  7 +/- 2 items
• The duration of STM is approximately 15-30 seconds
• Rehearsal can prolong the stay of information in STM.
• What are the four main components of working memory?

  Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive, episodic buffer
• The phonological loop stores verbal and auditory information briefly for processing
• What type of data does the visuospatial sketchpad process?

  Visual and spatial data
• The central executive manages attention and allocates resources among working memory components.
• Stages of information processing in memory

  1️⃣ Encoding

  2️⃣ Storage

  3️⃣ Retrieval
• What is encoding in information processing?

  Converting sensory information
• Storage involves retaining information over time
• Retrieval is the process of bringing stored information back into conscious awareness.
• What are the three main stages of memory in information processing?

  Encoding, storage, retrieval
• Match the stage of memory with its key activity:

  Encoding ↔️ Attention

  Storage ↔️ Rehearsal

  Retrieval ↔️ Recognition
• Sensory memory is crucial for attention and perception
• What is the duration of sensory memory?

  Seconds or milliseconds
• Sensory memory has a large but temporary capacity.
• Match the type of sensory memory with its description:

  Iconic memory ↔️ Visual information

  Echoic memory ↔️ Auditory information
• Short-term memory has a limited capacity of about 7 items (+/- 2).
• What is the approximate duration of short-term memory without rehearsal?

  15-30 seconds
• Rehearsal allows information to stay longer in short-term memory.
• Working memory consists of four main components.
• Match the working memory component with its function:

  Phonological Loop ↔️ Stores and processes words

  Visuospatial Sketchpad ↔️ Creates and manipulates visual images

  Central Executive ↔️ Manages attention and resources

  Episodic Buffer ↔️ Integrates information from other components
• What is the role of the central executive in working memory?

  Manages attention and resources
• Long-term memory has a limited capacity.

  False
• Long-term memory stores information for periods ranging from minutes to a lifetime.
• What are the two main types of explicit memory?

  Semantic and Episodic
• Implicit memory involves conscious recall of facts and events.

  False
• Arrange the flow of information through memory stages according to the information processing model:

  1️⃣ Sensory Memory

  2️⃣ Short-Term Memory

  3️⃣ Long-Term Memory
• Sensory memory captures brief sensory impressions.
• What is the purpose of rehearsal in short-term memory?

  Extends retention