8.1.2 Visual Cues and Constancies

• Sensation refers to the process of detecting and responding to basic stimuli, such as light or sound
• Perception is the process of organizing and interpreting sensations into meaningful information.
• Perception involves interpreting and organizing sensations based on past experiences and expectations
• Sensation is the initial stage of information processing where sensory organs transmit raw sensory data to the brain
• Visual cues help us perceive the three-dimensional world around us.
• Order the stages of visual information processing

  1️⃣ Detecting basic stimuli through sensation

  2️⃣ Organizing and interpreting sensations
• Monocular cues are features that can be observed with one eye
• Binocular cues require both eyes to perceive depth.
• Binocular disparity refers to the slight difference in images seen by each eye
• Match the visual cue with its description:

  Perspective ↔️ Objects appear smaller as they recede

  Texture Gradient ↔️ Texture becomes finer with distance

  Binocular Disparity ↔️ Difference between images seen by each eye
• Viewing a 3D movie is an example of using binocular disparity to perceive depth.
• Binocular disparity is a binocular cue that helps estimate depth.
• Visual constancies allow us to see objects as having consistent characteristics despite changes in viewing conditions
• Match the visual constancy with its example:

  Size constancy ↔️ Recognizing a car is the same size nearby or far away

  Shape constancy ↔️ Seeing a plate as round even when tilted

  Brightness constancy ↔️ Perceiving snow as white even in dimmer light
• Size constancy refers to the perception of objects as having a constant size
• Brightness constancy allows us to perceive objects as having consistent brightness despite changes in lighting.
• What are the three primary types of visual constancies?

  Size, shape, and brightness
• Perceiving objects as having a constant size, regardless of their distance, is called size constancy.
• Brightness constancy allows us to perceive objects as having consistent brightness despite changes in lighting conditions.
• What is an example of size constancy in daily life?

  Recognizing a car's size
• Maintaining the perception of an object's true shape even when viewed from different angles is known as shape constancy.
• Brightness constancy ensures we perceive snow as white even in dimmer light.
• Match the sensory processes with their definitions:

  Sensation ↔️ Detecting basic stimuli

  Perception ↔️ Interpreting and organizing sensations
• Sensation involves receiving sensory input.
• What are visual cues used for in perception?

  Depth and distance
• Monocular cues can be observed with only one eye.
• How does perspective act as a monocular cue?

  Objects appear smaller with distance
• The slight difference in the images seen by each eye is called binocular disparity.
• Order the following monocular cues based on their description:

  1️⃣ Perspective: Objects appear smaller as they recede

  2️⃣ Texture Gradient: Texture becomes finer with distance

  3️⃣ Occlusion: Near objects block distant objects

  4️⃣ Motion Parallax: Nearby objects move faster
• What is an example of binocular disparity in everyday life?

  Viewing 3D movies
• The angle the eyes make when focusing on a nearby object is called convergence.
• Match the type of visual constancy with its definition:

  Size constancy ↔️ Perceiving constant size despite distance

  Shape constancy ↔️ Perceiving stable shape from different angles

  Brightness constancy ↔️ Perceiving consistent brightness despite lighting
• Size constancy allows us to recognize that a car is the same size whether it is nearby or far away.
• What is the role of perception in interpreting visual cues and constancies?

  Ensures depth perception
• Perception transforms visual cues into meaningful spatial understanding.
• Match the type of visual cue with its definition:

  Monocular cues ↔️ Cues visible with one eye

  Binocular cues ↔️ Cues requiring both eyes
• Brightness constancy ensures we perceive snow as white in both bright sunlight and dim light.
• In which field is understanding visual cues and constancies particularly useful?

  Art, architecture, and design