4.4.3 Fertilization and Seed Development

• What is the equation that represents fertilization in plants?

  $Male\ gamete +$$Female\ gamete \longrightarrow Zygote$
• During fertilization, male and female gametes fuse to form a single cell called a zygote.
• The zygote contains genetic material from both parents
• Steps of the pollen tube growth process

  1️⃣ Pollen grain lands on the stigma and germinates

  2️⃣ Pollen tube forms and extends down the style

  3️⃣ Pollen tube carries the male gametes to the ovary

  4️⃣ Fertilization occurs in the ovule
• What chemical attractants guide the pollen tube through the style?

  Chemical attractants
• During pollen tube growth, male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote
• Match the structure with its role in sperm cell delivery:

  Stigma ↔️ Receives pollen grains

  Pollen Tube ↔️ Transports male gametes to the ovule

  Male Gametes ↔️ Fertilize egg cells

  Ovule ↔️ Contains female gametes for fertilization

  Zygote ↔️ Resulting cell after fertilization
• In double fertilization in angiosperms, one male gamete fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote.
• What type of cell is formed when one male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei in double fertilization?

  Triploid endosperm
• The key equation for double fertilization is: \text{Male Gamete } + \text{ Egg Cell } + \text{ Two Polar Nuclei } \longrightarrow \text{ Zygote } + \text{ Endosperm}</latex>, which highlights the formation of both the zygote and the endosperm
• The zygote formed after fertilization contains genetic material from both parents.
• Steps of the pollen tube growth process

  1️⃣ Pollen grain lands on the stigma and germinates

  2️⃣ Pollen tube forms and extends down the style

  3️⃣ Pollen tube carries the male gametes to the ovary

  4️⃣ Fertilization occurs in the ovule
• What guides the pollen tube through the style during its extension?

  Chemical attractants
• Match the structure with its role in sperm cell delivery:

  Stigma ↔️ Receives pollen grains

  Pollen Tube ↔️ Transports male gametes to the ovule

  Male Gametes ↔️ Fertilize egg cells

  Ovule ↔️ Contains female gametes and supports fertilization

  Zygote ↔️ The result of fertilization
• What is the term for the process where the male gamete fuses with the female gamete in the ovule?

  Fertilization
• The male gametes are transported to the ovule via the pollen
• Match the structure with its role in sperm cell delivery:

  Stigma ↔️ Receives pollen grains

  Pollen Tube ↔️ Transports male gametes to the ovule

  Ovule ↔️ Supports fertilization
• The pollen grain lands on the stigma of a flower during sperm cell delivery.
• The zygote is formed after the male gamete fuses with the egg
• What is double fertilization unique to in angiosperms?

  Two fertilization events
• The fusion of a male gamete with the egg cell results in the formation of the zygote.
• The endosperm is formed by the fusion of a male gamete with two polar
• What type of tissue does the endosperm form in double fertilization?

  Triploid
• Match the fertilization event with its ploidy level:

  Male Gamete + Egg Cell ↔️ Diploid

  Male Gamete + Two Polar Nuclei ↔️ Triploid
• What is the outcome of the fusion between a male gamete and the egg cell in double fertilization?

  Diploid zygote
• The endosperm is formed by the fusion of a male gamete with two polar nuclei
• The zygote formed after double fertilization develops into the embryo.
• Arrange the developmental stages of the embryo in angiosperms in the correct order:

  1️⃣ Zygote

  2️⃣ Proembryo

  3️⃣ Globular Embryo

  4️⃣ Heart-shaped Embryo

  5️⃣ Torpedo Embryo

  6️⃣ Mature Embryo
• What is the key event in the heart-shaped embryo stage of development?

  Development of cotyledons
• A seed is composed of the embryo, endosperm, and seed coat
• Match the seed component with its function:

  Embryo ↔️ Develops into the new plant

  Endosperm ↔️ Provides nutrients to the embryo

  Seed Coat ↔️ Shields the embryo and endosperm
• Fertilization results in the formation of a zygote with genetic material from both parents.
• Arrange the steps of pollen tube growth in the correct order:

  1️⃣ Pollen grain lands on the stigma

  2️⃣ Pollen tube forms and extends down the style

  3️⃣ Pollen tube carries male gametes to the ovule

  4️⃣ Fertilization occurs in the ovule
• The pollen tube is guided through the style by chemical attractants
• Male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote
• Pollen grains land on the stigma of a flower.
• The pollen tube grows down the style
• Fertilization occurs when the male gamete fuses with the egg cell.
• Match the structure with its role in sperm cell delivery:

  Stigma ↔️ Receives pollen grains

  Pollen Tube ↔️ Transports male gametes

  Male Gametes ↔️ Fertilize egg cells

  Ovule ↔️ Contains female gametes
• Steps in double fertilization in angiosperms:

  1️⃣ One male gamete fuses with the egg cell

  2️⃣ Zygote forms

  3️⃣ Another male gamete fuses with two polar nuclei

  4️⃣ Endosperm forms