2.3.2 Translation

• What is translation in biology?

  Protein synthesis from mRNA
• Translation primarily occurs in the cytoplasm
• Ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids all play essential roles in translation
• What is the function of the start codon AUG in translation initiation?

  Signals protein synthesis start
• Steps involved in the initiation of translation

  1️⃣ Small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA

  2️⃣ Initiator tRNA carrying methionine pairs with AUG

  3️⃣ Large ribosomal subunit joins the complex

  4️⃣ Complete initiation complex forms
• During translation, tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids and match with the mRNA's codons
• Translation takes place in the cytoplasm on ribosomes
• What type of bonds link amino acids together during translation?

  Peptide bonds
• Match each component of translation with its role:

  Ribosomes ↔️ Facilitate protein synthesis

  mRNA ↔️ Carries genetic code

  tRNA ↔️ Transfers amino acids

  Amino Acids ↔️ Building blocks of proteins
• Which amino acid is carried by the initiator tRNA during translation initiation?

  Methionine
• During translation initiation, a tRNA molecule carrying methionine recognizes the start codon on the mRNA
• The complete initiation complex is necessary for translation to begin reading the mRNA sequence
• What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

  Protein synthesis machinery
• tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosomes, matching them with the corresponding codons
• Amino acids are linked through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains.
• Match the component with its role in translation:

  Ribosomes ↔️ Protein synthesis machinery

  mRNA ↔️ Carries genetic code

  tRNA ↔️ Transfers amino acids

  Amino Acids ↔️ Building blocks of proteins
• The initiation of translation begins with the assembly of the initiation complex on the mRNA.
• An initiator tRNA carrying the amino acid methionine pairs with the start codon.
• Arrange the steps of translation initiation in the correct order:

  1️⃣ Small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA

  2️⃣ Initiator tRNA pairs with AUG

  3️⃣ Large ribosomal subunit joins
• What is the complete initiation complex formed by?

  Small and large ribosomal subunits
• The start codon AUG is recognized by a tRNA carrying methionine, signaling the start of protein synthesis.
• Elongation is the phase of translation where the polypeptide chain is built by adding amino acids one by one.
• Arrange the steps of elongation in translation:

  1️⃣ Ribosome moves along mRNA

  2️⃣ tRNA pairs with mRNA codon

  3️⃣ Peptide bonds form
• What are the stop codons in mRNA?

  UAA, UAG, or UGA
• In termination, release factors bind to the stop codon in the ribosome.
• Translation is the process where the genetic code in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins on ribosomes.
• Match the step in translation with its description:

  mRNA ↔️ Moves to ribosomes

  tRNA ↔️ Carries specific amino acids

  Peptide bonds ↔️ Link amino acids
• Where does translation primarily occur in the cell?

  Cytoplasm
• If the mRNA sequence is 5'-AUG-3', the tRNA carrying methionine will bind, initiating protein synthesis.
• What is the primary role of ribosomes in translation?

  Protein synthesis machinery
• Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains.
• What initiates the process of translation?

  Initiation complex assembly
• Steps in the initiation of translation

  1️⃣ Small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA

  2️⃣ tRNA carrying methionine recognizes AUG

  3️⃣ Large ribosomal subunit joins to form initiation complex
• Where does the mRNA codon pair with the tRNA anticodon during elongation?

  A site
• Peptidyl transferase in the large ribosomal subunit catalyzes peptide bond formation.
• During translocation, the ribosome shifts along the mRNA by one codon.
• What happens during the codon recognition phase of elongation?

  mRNA codon pairs with tRNA anticodon
• Steps in the termination of translation

  1️⃣ Ribosome reaches a stop codon

  2️⃣ Release factors bind to the stop codon

  3️⃣ Polypeptide chain is cleaved from tRNA

  4️⃣ Ribosome disassembles
• Which stop codons signal the termination of translation?

  UAA, UAG, or UGA
• What are the three stop codons involved in translation termination?

  UAA, UAG, or UGA