1.6.3 Obesity and Malnutrition

• What is the condition characterized by excessive body fat called?

  Obesity
• Obesity is typically measured by a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher.
• A person with a BMI of 32 is considered obese.
• What is one major cause of obesity related to energy balance?

  Excess energy intake
• Insufficient physical activity reduces energy expenditure and contributes to fat accumulation.
• Genetic factors can predispose an individual to obesity.
• What is the formula for calculating Body Mass Index (BMI)?

  $BMI =$$\frac{\text{weight (kg)}}{\text{height (m)}^{2}}$
• Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke.
• What is the condition resulting from a deficiency or excess in essential nutrients called?

  Malnutrition
• Malnutrition can manifest as either undernutrition or overnutrition.
• Protein-calorie malnutrition in children can lead to slowed growth and muscle wasting.
• What is one cause of malnutrition related to dietary insufficiency?

  Lack of adequate nutrients
• Match the cause of malnutrition with its example:

  Dietary Insufficiency ↔️ Child subsisting mainly on rice

  Absorption Issues ↔️ Crohn's disease affecting fat absorption

  Chronic Illnesses ↔️ Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
• What specific cardiovascular diseases are associated with obesity?

  Heart attack, stroke
• Excess body fat in obesity disrupts insulin function
• Obesity can lead to respiratory problems such as sleep apnea and asthma.
• Why does obesity increase the risk of heart attack and stroke?

  Increased fat deposits
• Excess body fat in obesity leads to insulin resistance
• Obesity can increase the risk of breast, colon, and endometrial cancers.
• What is the definition of malnutrition?

  Nutrient deficiency or excess
• Protein deficiency can lead to muscle wasting
• Vitamin D deficiency can result in bone weakness and fractures.
• What condition can iodine deficiency cause in adults?

  Goiter
• Dietary insufficiency occurs when a diet lacks adequate nutrients
• What health risk is associated with insufficient nutrient intake in children?

  Stunted growth
• A weakened immune system is a consequence of malnutrition.
• Prolonged malnutrition can lead to organ damage
• What cognitive impairment can result from nutrient deficiencies in the brain?

  Reduced cognitive function
• Understanding the health risks of malnutrition highlights the importance of a balanced diet.
• What is one consequence of impaired growth due to malnutrition?

  Stunted growth in children
• Nutrient deficiencies can weaken the immune system, increasing susceptibility to infections
• Prolonged malnutrition can lead to heart, kidney, and liver problems.
• How does malnutrition affect brain development?

  Reduces cognitive function
• Malnutrition poses significant health risks due to deficiencies or excesses in essential nutrients
• What is the consequence of insufficient nutrients on growth?

  Stunted growth in children
• Match the condition with its definition:

  Obesity ↔️ Excessive body fat, BMI ≥ 30

  Malnutrition ↔️ Nutrient deficiency or excess
• What is the typical measure used to define obesity?

  Body Mass Index (BMI)
• The formula for calculating BMI is: $BMI =$$\frac{\text{weight (kg)}}{\text{height (m)}^{2}}$

  
  

  For example, a person with a BMI of 32 is considered obese.
• Obesity is solely caused by excessive calorie intake.

  False
• How can genetic factors contribute to obesity?

  Inherited predisposition to weight gain