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geog paper 1
River landforms
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What are river landforms?
Features
created by rivers over time
How do river landforms differ?
They vary based on
water flow
and
topography
What are the types of river landforms and their formation processes?
Valleys:
Erosion
in
upper course
Waterfalls and Gorges: Erosion in upper course
Meanders and Oxbow Lakes: Erosion and
deposition
in
middle course
Floodplains and Levees: Deposition in
lower course
What characterizes the upper course of a river?
Steep slopes and powerful
vertical erosion
What are the key features of the upper course of a river?
Deep V-shaped valleys
Interlocking spurs
Narrow channel with turbulent flow
Rocky river bed with coarse load
Source high in mountains
How do waterfalls and gorges form?
Through
erosion
of hard and soft
rock layers
What happens to the hard rock when a river crosses it?
It eventually collapses due to
undercutting
What does the equation
R
e
t
r
e
a
t
=
Retreat =
R
e
t
re
a
t
=
R
a
t
e
e
r
o
s
i
o
n
×
T
i
m
e
Rate_{erosion} \times Time
R
a
t
e
eros
i
o
n
×
T
im
e
represent?
The retreat of a waterfall over time
How does the gradient change in the middle course of a river?
The gradient
flattens
, slowing water speed
What is the formation process of meanders in a river?
Continuous
erosion
and
deposition
along banks
What are the primary landforms in the lower course of a river?
Floodplains
:
Flat
areas
that flood regularly
Deltas: Formed at river mouths from
sediment
accumulation
What happens during the formation of an oxbow lake?
The river cuts through the
meander neck
during a
flood
What are the landforms in the middle course of a river?
Wider valley: Broad, gently sloping floor
Meanders
: Curves in the river channel
Levees
: Raised banks along the channel
What are the key features of a floodplain?
Flat, fertile land alongside the
river
How is a delta formed?
By
sediment
accumulation at the
river mouth
What does the equation
A
r
e
a
f
l
o
o
d
p
l
a
i
n
=
Area_{floodplain} =
A
re
a
f
l
oo
d
pl
ain
=
L
e
n
g
t
h
×
W
i
d
t
h
Length \times Width
L
e
n
g
t
h
×
Wi
d
t
h
represent?
The area covered by a floodplain
How is a floodplain formed?
By
sediment
deposits during floods
How do levees form along river banks?
By
deposition
of
coarser
sediments during
floods
What does the equation
D
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
=
Deposition =
De
p
os
i
t
i
o
n
=
S
e
d
i
m
e
n
t
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
×
F
l
o
w
V
o
l
u
m
e
SedimentConcentration \times FlowVolume
S
e
d
im
e
n
tC
o
n
ce
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
×
Fl
o
w
V
o
l
u
m
e
estimate?
The
annual
sediment deposition in rivers
What factors affect river landform development?
Climate
: Influences water availability and erosion
Geology
: Determines rock hardness and erosion resistance
Vegetation
cover: Stabilizes soil, reducing erosion
Human activities: Alter river courses significantly
What are floodplains and levees formed by?
Deposition
during floods
How can river discharge be estimated?
By calculating
channel
area and flow
velocity
How do human activities impact river landforms?
They alter
discharge
and
sediment
flow
What is the impact of dam construction on river landforms?
It reduces
sediment transport
and alters
discharge
What is the effect of urbanization on river discharge?
It increases
surface runoff
and
peak discharge
What are the key impacts of human activities on river landforms?
Dam construction: Reduced
sediment transport
Urbanization: Increased
runoff
and erosion
Deforestation: Higher
erosion rates
What are the management strategies for river landforms?
Hard Engineering
: Control floods, protect property
Soft Engineering
: Protect environment, manage flow
Integrated Management
: Balance hard/soft approaches
What does the Thames Barrier represent in river management?
Hard engineering
to protect from flooding
What is the purpose of the Eden Project in river management?
To restore
natural
river processes
How does deforestation affect river landforms?
It increases
erosion
and
sediment transport
What is the name of the feature labeled "V-Shaped Valley" in the image?
V-Shaped Valley
What are the key features of a V-shaped valley?
Steep,
narrow
sides
V-shaped
cross-section
Formed by erosion from a river or glacier
Indicates a
high-energy
environment
What is the name of the feature labeled "Interlocking Spur" in the image?
Interlocking
Spur
What is the name of the feature labeled "Source" in the image?
Source
What is an interlocking spur and how does it form?
Interlocking spurs are
ridges
that project from valley sides
They form when a
meandering river
erodes
the outside of bends, leaving behind projecting ridges
What is the name of the feature labeled "Spur" in the image?
Spur
What is the name of the feature labeled "Channel" in the image?
Channel
What is a river channel and how does it form?
The river channel is the deepest part of the river where water flows
It forms through
erosion
and
deposition
by the river over time
What is the name of the feature labeled "River Bank" in the image?
River
Bank
What is the name of the feature labeled "River Bed" in the image?
River Bed
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