Cell.

• The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids, as well as the detoxification of drugs and toxins.
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes used by cells to break down waste materials and damaged organelles.
• Unicellular organisms consist of one cell
• Multicellular organisms are made up of many different types of cells that work together to carry out specific functions
• Differentiation occurs when cells become more specialised during development
• Cell theory was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann in 1838
• Schwann suggested that all living things were composed of cells
• Schleiden suggested that cells were the basic unit of life
• Cell theory states that all new cells arise from pre-existing cells.
• Cell membrane, also known as plasma membrane or semi permeable membrane is the outermost covering of a cell.
• The cell wall provides support to plant cells and protects them against pathogens.
• Cell membrane is made of proteins and lipids.
• Cell wall is only found in plant cells and is made of cellulose.
• Nucleus contains genetic material (DNA) which controls how the cell functions.
• Cytoplasm is the jelly like substance inside the cell where organelles are located.
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll which allows plants to make their own food through photosynthesis.
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
• Segments of DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) are called genes.
• Osmosis: the movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
• Diffusion: the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached
• Isotonic: medium has equal water concentration as that of cell.
• Hypertonic: medium has lower water concentration than that of cell, resulting in loss of water.
• Hypotonic: medium has higher water concentration than that of cell, resulting in gain in water.
• Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that are primitive, lack cell membranes and well-defined nuclei, and contain single chromosomes.
• Eukaryotes are complex multicellular organisms, which have a nucleus and other organelles and have more than one chromosome.
• SER manufactures proteins, fats, and lipids. It helps in building the cell membrane in a process called membrane biogenesis.
• Lysosomes break down waste materials inside cells through hydrolysis.
• Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins into vesicles for transport within or outside the cell.
• RER detoxifies drugs and toxins and serves as a channel for the transport of materials between the cytoplasm and nucleus.
• RER is called "rough" because it has ribosomes that synthesize proteins attached to its surface. Synthesized protein is transported with the help of ER.
• Cisterns are flattened plate-like structures that make up the Golgi body. It helps to carry enzymes and cargo proteins to other cell destinations.
• Camillo Golgi discovered Golgi apparatus
• The membrane of the Golgi apparatus is connected with the membrane of the ER, so the materials synthesized near the ER are packed and dispatched to various cells through the Golgi apparatus.
• Lysosomes are known as the suicide bag of the cell. They help to keep the cell clean.
• During disturbance in cellular metabolism, when the cell gets damaged, lysosomes may burst and the enzymes released will digest the whole cell.
• Mitochondria consists of two membranes. The outer membrane is very porous and allows the passage of ions and small molecules. The inner membrane is deeply folded and creates a surface for ATP generation.
• Mitochondria contains its own DNA and ribosomes.
• Mitochondria produces and stores energy in the form of ATP(C10H16N5O13P3 adenosine triphosphate) and thus is known as the powerhouse of a cell.
• Plastids, only found in plant cells, are of three types. Chloroplast, leucoplast, and chromoplast.
• Chloroplast contains a pigment known as chlorophyll which absorbs light energy and helps in photosynthesis.