Plants Year 8

• Seed dispersal is the process by which plants spread their seeds away from the parent plant to ensure the survival and growth of the species.
• Anther makes the pollen
• Pollen needs pollination from the stigma
• The ovary turns into the fruit
• Ovules turn into the future seed
• Ovules and Pollen have ½ the parent DNA and are called Gametes
• Petal attracts pollinators
• The long tube that the pollen grain grows down is called Style
• wind pollinator flowersAnthers are bigger and hanging out to allow wind to easily catch the pollen released from them
• Stigma is feather-like and big to trap pollen passing by the wind
• Wind-pollinated pollen is smooth, lightweight, small, and has gaps to stay in the air for a long time
• Pollen grains produced by insect-pollinated flowers tend to be sticky or spiky for easy attachment to insects' bodies
• Wind produces more pollen because it is lightweight, smaller, and smoother, increasing chances to reach the anther
• Methods of seed dispersal:

  • Wind: Dandelion
  • Water: Coconut
  • Explosion: Pea
  • Animal hook: Bees
  • Animal faeces: Birds, monkey, hornbill
• To allow the seeds to spread out over a wide area
• Prevent seeds from getting crowded in the same places, which could lead to insufficient nutrition, water, and sunlight for growth
• Independent variables: variables that are changed.
• Control variables: variables that are kept constant or unchanged throughout the experiment
• Dependent variables: variables that are measured or observed as a result of the changes in the independent variables
• Three things the seed needs to grow:

  • Warmth
  • Oxygen
  • Water
• Wind-pollinated flowers have a large, feathery stigma and anther to trap airborne pollen grains
• Wind-pollinated flowers produce thousands of pollen grains, while insect-pollinated flowers produce hundreds
• Pollen of wind-pollinated flowers is small, smooth, and lightweight, making it easy for the wind to carry
• Pollen of insect-pollinated flowers is sticky or spiky to cling to the insects' hairy bodies
• Features of wind-pollinated flowers:

  • Produce large amounts of pollen
  • Pollen is small, smooth, and lightweight for airborne transport
  • No bright colors or nectar
  • Stigma is feathery to catch pollen from the wind
  • Stigma and stamen are hanging out freely
• Features of insect-pollinated flowers:

  • Petals are brightly colored to attract insects
  • Flowers are large for easy insect spotting
  • Produce nectar
  • Pollen is sticky or spiky for easy attachment to insect bodies
  • Flowers do not produce many pollen grains
• Wind-pollinated flowers have a large, feathery stigma and anther
• This is to trap the airborne pollen grains
• Flowering plants have petals to attract insects
• Wind-pollinated plants make more pollen because they rely on wind for pollination
• Two features that help identify the wind pollinator:

  • Anther and Stigma hanging out freely
  • No petal
• Flowering plants offer nectar as a reward to pollinators
• The wind-pollinator is represented by Pic 1
• Insect-pollinated plants have bigger pollen to attach onto the insect body
• The shape of wind-pollinated pollen is smaller so it can be easily blown away by the wind
• Flowering plants have petals to attract insects
• Flowering plants offer nectar as a reward to pollinators
• Two features that help identify the wind-pollinator:

  • Anther and Stigma hanging out freely
  • No petal
• Wind-pollinated plants make more pollen because they rely on wind for pollination
• Insect-pollinated plants have bigger pollen to attach onto the insect body