GENBIO

• All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• Macromolecules are large, organic molecules with various functions such as energy source and protection.
• Molecular structure and function are inseparable.
• Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
• A polymer is a long molecules consisting many similar building blocks.

  These small building-block molecules are called monomers.
• Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acid
• All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
• Macromolecules are large, organic molecules with various functions such as energy source and protection
• Molecular structure and function are inseparable
• Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
• A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
• Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acid
• A dehydration reaction occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
• Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis reaction, which is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction
• Each cell has thousands of different macromolecules
• Macromolecules vary among cells of an organism, vary more within a species, and vary even more between species
• An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomers
• Carbohydrates are mainly used for quick energy inside cells, but they also play an important role in cell structure and communication
• Carbohydrates are macromolecules called polysaccharides, meaning they are made of many sugars
• Primary source of energy (glucose) for the human body
• Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
• Carbohydrates include sugars and the polymers of sugars
• The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides or single sugars
• Carbohydrate macromolecules are polysaccharides, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks
• Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O
• Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide
• Monosaccharides serve as a major fuel to cells and as raw material for building molecules
• A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides
• This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage
• Starch, a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers
• Plants store surplus starch as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids
• The simplest form of starch is amylose
• Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals
• Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in liver and muscles cells
• The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells
• Like starch, cellulose is a polymer of glucose, but the glycosidic linkages differ
• The difference is based on two ring forms for glucose: alpha (α) and beta (β)
• Polymers with α glucose are helical
• Polymers with β glucose are straight
• Lipids or Fats are a source of energy, function in structure, insulation, protection, and hormones (steroids)