Genetic Engineering

• the processes of changing the DNA in living organisms to create something new. It involves artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms.
• Recombinant DNA technology has applications in various areas like medicine, focusing on the discoveries of medicine to cure and improve human health and nutrition aimed to produce good quality and high quantity crops.
• Genetically Modified Organism are also called transgenic organism since genes are transferred from one organism to another.
• GRAPPLE - taste of grapes but looks like apple
• TRANSGENIC COW - contained human protein per litre of milk and found to be more nutritionally balance
• VENOMOUS CABBAGE -injected with scorpion venom aimed to kill caterpillars
• BANANA VACCINE - can produce virus proteins against•hepatitis and cholera
• ESCHERICHIA COLI insulin gene is injected to bacteria to  produce hormone insulin
• SPIDER GOAT -  spider enhanced milk that can produce silk stronger than steel
• LUMINOUS CAT produce a fluorescent protein in its fur
• LIGER hybrid of tiger and lion
• • Recombinant DNA technology is playing a vital role in improving health conditions by developing new vaccines and pharmaceuticals. The treatment strategies are also improved by developing diagnostic kits, monitoring devices, and new therapeutic approaches.
• Synthesis of synthetic human insulin and erythropoietin by genetically modified bacteria
• human growth hormones which cure stunted growth
• tissues plasminogen activator -which dissolves blood clots among patients who had heart attack
• transgenic pigs- used to produced human hemoglobin
• human clotting factors have also been produced in the milk of transgenic goats
• Herbicide tolerance: Herbicide tolerance is the inherent ability of a species to survive and reproduce after herbicide treatment.
• Bioethics is the study of controversial ethics brought about by advances in biology and medicine. Bioethics are multidisciplinary. It blends philosophy, theology, history, and law with medicine, nursing, health policy, and the medical humanities.
• It is concerned with all the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences and the cited fields. Bioethics is commonly understood that refers to the ethical implications and application of the health-related life sciences including biotechnology, such as cloning, gene therapy, life extension, human genetic engineering. It promotes critic reflection about ethical conflicts, which are caused by progressing in life science and medicine.
• Genetic engineering is the direct modification of an organism’s genome, which is the list of specific traits (genes) stored in the DNA.
• Changing the genomeenables engineers to givedesirable properties todifferent organisms.
• 1973: created first genetically modified bacteria
• 1974: created GM mice
• 1982: first commercial development of GMOs (insulin-producing bacteria)
• 1994: began to sell genetically modified food
• 2003: began to sell GMOs as pets (Glofish)
• All genetic changes affect the protein synthesis of the organism.By changing which proteins are produced, genetic engineers can affect the overall traits of the organism.
• Bacteria are the most common GMOs because their simple structure permits easy manipulation of their DNA.
• One of the most interesting uses for genetically modified bacteria is the production of hydrocarbons (plastics and fuels) usually only found in fossil fuels.
• Cyanobacteria have been modified to produce plastic (polyethylene) and fuel (butanol) as byproducts of photosynthesis
• E. Coli bacteria have been modified to produce diesel fuel
• Bacteria are the best candidate for manufacturing a protein product. Major advantages of bacteria include the plasmid and the phages that are used as gene cloning vectors and the fact that bacteria can be grown rapidly and cheaply in large tanks.
• Despite the advantages of bacteria, it is equally important to utilized eukaryotic cells to produce protein products. The simplest and the most recommended among the eukaryotic cells are the Saccharomycetes cerevisiae or yeast. Similarly, yeast also have plasmid that can be used as gene vectors, it can also take up foreign DNA and integrate it into their genome.
• •Some protein products require mammalian cells, genes of these products are often cloned in bacteria as a preliminary step, before it can be transfer. Many proteins that mammalian cells normally secrete are glycoprotein with chains of sugar attached. Because only mammalian cells must be used for making these kind of products.
• DNA technology has already had a major impact on the pharmaceutical industry and on human medicine. Recombinant DNA establish its influence in the different field of medicine such as: therapeutic hormones; diagnosis and treatment of disease and; development of vaccines.
• Insulin and growth hormone (GH) were the first pharmaceutical products made using recombinant DNA technology.
• Blood clotting elements assume a fundamental part in the administration of patients that experience the ill effects of hemophilia, a draining issue including the absence of capacity to deliver sufficient blood clotting component VIII for blood coagulation to work as ordinary.
• DNA technology is likely to be used increasingly in disease diagnosis. Recombinant DNA has been utilized in the advancement of the most well-known analytic procedures for HIV and to recognize the presence of HIV in an individual. The neutralizer test utilizes a recombinant HIV protein to quantify antibodies in the body that multiply when there is an HIV contamination.
• Artificial selection is done to indirectly manipulate genes focusing on the physical traits among organisms. Breeders choose which organism to mate and produce offspring with desirable traits. They maintain this procedure without control of what genes can be passed.