The american west

• What disease did settlers bring that significantly impacted the Plains Indians?

  Measles
• What animal, obtained partly from the Spanish, aided the Plains Indians in their westward journeys?

  Horses
• According to the Lakota, what is Wakantanka?

  The great spirit
• What animal was vital for the survival of many Native American tribes on the plains?

  Buffalo
• What could the bones and horns of the buffalo be shaped into?

  Arrowheads
• What were buffalo skins tanned into?

  Strong leather
• What part of the buffalo could be dried and used as a comb?

  Coarse tongue
• Which parts of the buffalo could be cleaned, dried, and turned into water carrying bottles and buckets?

  Stomachs, intestines, and the bladder
• Besides practical uses, what did the Plains Indians offer to the great spirit when using parts of the buffalo?

  Something behind
• What does the Plains Indians' use of all parts of the buffalo and their offerings to the great spirit demonstrate?

  Respect for nature
• What was the tipi made from?

  Wooden poles and buffalo hide
• What made the teepee perfect for a nomadic lifestyle?

  Quick to assemble, compact, and light
• What did warfare represent for many Indian boys and men?

  An important rite of passage
• What was sometimes taken as a trophy from defeated enemies?

  The scalp
• What was considered honorable besides killing in raids on enemy tribes and camps?

  Taking horses
• What was 'counting coup'?

  Touching opponents and escaping
• What is animism in the context of Indian religion?

  Nature was sacred and all things spiritual
• What did the sun dance involve?

  Suffering and pain as a sacrifice
• What was a common cause of conflict between different Plains Indian tribes?

  Competition over scarce resources
• What were the spiritual leaders in the Plains Indian tribes called?

  Medicine men
• On what date was the Indian Removal Act enacted?

  May 28, 1830
• What did the Indian Removal Act of 1830 enforce?

  Indians move west of the Mississippi River
• What was a consequence of the Indian Removal Act?

  Eastern tribes were relocated westward
• When was the Fort Laramie Treaty signed?

  February 17, 1851
• What did the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 formalize?

  Diplomatic relations between US and Indians
• When was the Indian Appropriations Act enacted?

  February 29, 1851
• What did the Indian Appropriations Act set up the framework for?

  Forcing Indians onto reservations
• In what year was gold discovered in California?

  1848
• What effect did the discovery of gold in California have?

  Increased migration across Indian land
• When did the Gold Rush start?

  1849
• What did the US government seek for migrants?

  A better way for migrants to travel
• What did Indians fear from white settlement?

  Disruption to the buffalo and way of life
• What did both Indians and migrants fear?

  Attacks by each other
• What did Indians worry about due to increased migration?

  Pressure on scarce resources
• According to the Fort Laramie Treaty, what did tribes agree to?

  • Appoint people to negotiate with the U.S. government.
  • Allocate land, leading to reservations.
  • Allow white migration.
  • Allow railroad surveyors and army posts.
• According to the Fort Laramie Treaty, what did the US Government agree to?

  • Provide payments and resources for Indian tribes.
  • This led to a loss of Indian independence.
  • Sanctions if the Indians broke the treaty.
  • Resulted in conflict and treaty violations.
• By 1848, how had the USA been further reorganized?

  Some territories had become states
• What did the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 begin to do?

  Formalize rules Indians had to obey
• What did the Indians guarantee in return for payment as part of the Fort Laramie Treaty?

  Safe passage for settlers and railroad surveyors
• What was a key cause of the Fort Laramie Treaty?

  Increased conflict between whites and Indians