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Cards (43)

  • Communication includes nonverbal communication such as gestures or facial expressions
  • Psycholinguistics is the psychology of language as it interacts with the human mind
  • Four areas of study that have contributed greatly to understanding psycholinguistics are:
    • Linguistics: the study of language structure and change
    • Neurolinguistics: the study of the relationships among the brain, cognition, and language
    • Sociolinguistics: the study of the relationship between social behavior and language
    • Computational linguistics and psycholinguistics: the study of language via computational methods
  • Properties of language:
    • Communicative: permits communication with others who share the same language
    • Arbitrarily symbolic: creates an arbitrary relationship between a symbol and what it represents
    • Regularly structured: has a structure with patterned arrangements of symbols
    • Structured at multiple levels: can be analyzed at different levels such as sounds, meaning units, words, and phrases
    • Generative, productive: within linguistic structure, users can produce novel utterances
    • Dynamic: languages constantly evolve with new words added to the dictionary each year
  • Properties of language:
    • Communicative: permits communication with others who share the same language
    • Arbitrarily symbolic: creates an arbitrary relationship between a symbol and what it represents
    • Regularly structured: has a structure with patterned arrangements of symbols
    • Structured at multiple levels: can be analyzed at different levels such as sounds, meaning units, words, and phrases
    • Generative, productive: within linguistic structure, users can produce novel utterances
    • Dynamic: languages constantly evolve with new words added to the dictionary each year
  • Communication encompasses aspects beyond language, including nonverbal communication like gestures or facial expressions
  • Psycholinguistics is the psychology of language interacting with the human mind, considering both production and comprehension of language
  • Four areas contributing to understanding psycholinguistics are:
    • Linguistics: study of language structure and change
    • Neurolinguistics: study of relationships among brain, cognition, and language
    • Sociolinguistics: study of relationship between social behavior and language
    • Computational linguistics and psycholinguistics: study of language via computational methods
  • Properties of language:
    • Communicative: permits communication with others who share the language
    • Arbitrarily symbolic: creates arbitrary relationship between a symbol and what it represents
    • Regularly structured: has a structure with patterned arrangements of symbols
    • Structured at multiple levels: can be analyzed in sounds, meaning units, words, and phrases
    • Generative, productive: within linguistic structure, users can produce novel utterances
    • Dynamic: languages constantly evolve with new words added to the dictionary each year
  • Components of words:
    • Phone: smallest unit of speech sound
    • Phoneme: smallest unit of speech sound distinguishing utterances
    • Phonetics: study of producing or combining speech sounds
    • Phonemics: study of particular phonemes of a language
    • Morpheme: smallest unit of meaning within a language
    • Phonemic restoration effect: involves integrating knowledge with what is heard in speech perception
  • Basic components of words:
    • Content morpheme: conveys the bulk of meaning in language
    • Function morpheme: adds detail and nuance to content morpheme or helps fit the grammatical context
    • Lexicon: entire set of morphemes in a given language
  • Language comprehension involves understanding what someone says and perceiving speech through ordinary speech perception
  • Brain areas important to language:
    • Wernicke's area: language comprehension
    • Broca's area: language production
    • Expressive aphasia (Broca's aphasia): difficulty producing language but understanding others
    • Receptive aphasia (Wernicke's aphasia): trouble understanding language but can produce fluent speech with meaningless content
  • Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:
    • Linguistic relativity: speakers of different languages have differing cognitive systems influencing how they think
    • Linguistic determinism: language spoken determines how one perceives the world
  • Bilingualism types:
    • Additive: second language acquired in addition to a well-developed first language
    • Subtractive: elements of second language replace elements of the first language
    • Simultaneous: child learns two languages from birth
    • Sequential: individual learns one language first, then another
  • Factors influencing second language acquisition: age, native-like mastery, vocabulary comprehension, and fluency
  • Dialect: regional variety of a language distinguished by features like vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation
  • Gray matter increases as one learns a second language
  • Speech errors:
    • Slips of the tongue: inadvertent linguistic errors in speech
    • Spoonerisms: initial sounds of two words are reversed to create different words
    • Malapropism: one word is replaced by a similar-sounding word with a different meaning
  • Metaphors juxtapose two nouns to assert their similarities, while similes use "like" or "as" in comparisons
  • Pragmatics is the study of how people use language, and proxemics studies interpersonal distance or proximity
  • Speech acts address what can be accomplished with speech and fall into five basic categories
  • Aphasia is an impairment of language functioning caused by brain damage
  • Characteristics of successful conversation:
    • Maxim of quantity: give enough information but not too much
    • Maxim of quality: be truthful
    • Maxim of relation: answers should be related and relevant
    • Maxim of manner: avoid obscurity, ambiguity, be brief and orderly
  • Communication encompasses aspects beyond language, including nonverbal communication like gestures or facial expressions
  • Psycholinguistics is the psychology of language interacting with the human mind, considering both language production and comprehension
  • Four areas contributing to understanding psycholinguistics are:
    • Linguistics: study of language structure and change
    • Neurolinguistics: study of brain, cognition, and language relationships
    • Sociolinguistics: study of the relationship between social behavior and language
    • Computational linguistics and psycholinguistics: study of language using computational methods
  • Properties of language:
    • Communicative: allows communication with others who share the same language
    • Arbitrarily symbolic: creates an arbitrary relationship between symbols and their representations
    • Regularly structured: has a structure where specific patterned arrangements of symbols convey meaning
    • Structured at multiple levels: can be analyzed in sounds, meaning units, words, and phrases
    • Generative, productive: within linguistic structure, users can create novel utterances
    • Dynamic: languages constantly evolve with new words added to the dictionary each year
  • Components of words:
    • Phone: smallest unit of speech sound
    • Phoneme: smallest unit of speech sound distinguishing utterances in a language
    • Phonetics: study of producing or combining speech sounds
    • Phonemics: study of specific phonemes in a language
    • Morpheme: smallest unit of meaning in a language
    • Phonemic restoration effect: integrating knowledge with what is heard in speech perception
  • Basic components of words:
    • Content morpheme: conveys the bulk of meaning in language
    • Function morpheme: adds detail or nuance to content morpheme meaning or fits the grammatical context
    • Lexicon: entire set of morphemes in a given language
  • Language comprehension involves understanding what someone says and perceiving speech through ordinary speech perception, including categorical perception
  • Brain areas important for language:
    • Wernicke's area: language comprehension
    • Broca's area: language production
    • Expressive aphasia (Broca's aphasia): difficulty producing language but understanding others
    • Receptive aphasia (Wernicke's aphasia): trouble understanding language but fluent in speech
  • Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:
    • Linguistic relativity: speakers of different languages have differing cognitive systems influencing how they think
    • Linguistic determinism: language spoken determines how the world is perceived
  • Bilingualism types:
    • Additive: second language acquired in addition to a well-developed first language
    • Subtractive: elements of a second language replace elements of the first language
    • Simultaneous: learning two languages from birth
    • Sequential: learning one language first, then another
  • Factors influencing second language acquisition: age, native-like mastery, vocabulary comprehension, and fluency
  • Dialect: regional variety of a language distinguished by features like vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation
  • Gray matter increases when learning a second language
  • Speech errors:
    • Slips of the tongue: inadvertent linguistic errors in speech
    • Spoonerisms: initial sounds of two words are reversed, creating different words
    • Malapropism: one word replaced by a similar-sounding word with a different meaning
  • Metaphors juxtapose two nouns to assert their similarities, while similes use "like" or "as" in comparisons
  • Pragmatics studies how people use language, while proxemics focuses on interpersonal distance