17.1.3 Tolerance

• Tolerance in addiction can occur through metabolic, cellular, and learned mechanisms.
• Match the type of tolerance with its mechanism:

  Metabolic tolerance ↔️ Efficient breakdown of substance

  Cellular tolerance ↔️ Reduced sensitivity of cells

  Learned tolerance ↔️ Compensatory strategies
• What is an example of a drug that commonly leads to tolerance?

  Alcohol
• What is tolerance in the context of addiction?

  Reduced effect of a drug
• Tolerance requires higher doses to achieve the same effect.
• The required dose of a drug can be calculated using the formula: Initial Dose × Tolerance Factor = Required Dose.
• Order the steps involved in developing metabolic tolerance:

  1️⃣ Repeated use of the drug

  2️⃣ Body becomes more efficient at breakdown

  3️⃣ Reduced drug concentration

  4️⃣ Higher dose required for same effect
• How does cellular tolerance reduce the effect of a drug?

  Cells become less sensitive
• Users with learned tolerance develop compensatory strategies to counteract the drug's effects.
• Metabolic tolerance occurs when cells become less sensitive to the drug.

  False
• What is the primary mechanism behind metabolic tolerance?

  Increased drug metabolism
• Functional tolerance results from changes in receptor sensitivity or density.
• What is an example of a behavioral change resulting from learned tolerance?

  Improved coordination
• Match the type of tolerance with its example:

  Metabolic tolerance ↔️ Faster alcohol breakdown

  Functional tolerance ↔️ Reduced opioid receptor sensitivity

  Learned tolerance ↔️ Improved walking after alcohol use
• How does metabolic tolerance affect drug concentration in the body?

  Reduces drug concentration
• Cellular tolerance occurs when cells become less sensitive to the substance.
• Metabolic tolerance involves changes in receptor density.

  False
• What is the relationship between metabolic rate and drug concentration in metabolic tolerance?

  Higher metabolic rate reduces concentration
• The biological mechanisms behind tolerance involve several adaptive processes that reduce the effect of a substance
• What happens to drug concentration in metabolic tolerance?

  It reduces
• Regular alcohol consumption leads to faster liver breakdown of alcohol.
• In cellular tolerance, cells become less sensitive to the substance
• What is an example of cellular tolerance?

  Opioid receptors become less sensitive
• Users learning to walk straighter after alcohol consumption is an example of learned tolerance.
• Match the tolerance type with its mechanism:

  Metabolic tolerance ↔️ Increased drug metabolism

  Cellular tolerance ↔️ Reduced receptor sensitivity

  Learned tolerance ↔️ Behavioral adjustments
• In metabolic tolerance, the metabolic rate increases, leading to a lower drug concentration
• Metabolic tolerance involves receptor changes.

  False
• What is one major implication of tolerance in addiction?

  Increased risk of overdose
• Match the tolerance type with its implication on drug use:

  Metabolic ↔️ Increased doses needed

  Cellular ↔️ Higher consumption for same effect

  Learned ↔️ Difficult to detect dosage changes
• What is the relationship between dose and sensitivity in tolerance?

  $\text{Dose} \propto \frac{1}{\text{Sensitivity}}$
• Tolerance contributes to a cycle where escalating doses exacerbate addiction risks.
• Opioids like heroin and morphine cause cellular tolerance by reducing the sensitivity of opioid receptors in the brain.
• What happens to adenosine receptors with regular caffeine consumption?

  They become less responsive
• Match the drug with its tolerance mechanism:

  Alcohol ↔️ Increased metabolic breakdown

  Opioids ↔️ Reduced receptor sensitivity

  Caffeine ↔️ Decreased adenosine receptor responsiveness

  Nicotine ↔️ Enhanced metabolic clearance
• What is one consequence of opioid tolerance on drug use?

  Increased doses to relieve pain
• Nicotine tolerance involves both metabolic and functional mechanisms.