16.2.2 The Bottom-Up Approach

• What is the bottom-up approach to offender profiling?

  Evidence-based profiling
• The bottom-up approach is data-driven
• The bottom-up approach assumes offenders fit into pre-existing categories.

  False
• What does the bottom-up approach analyze in crime scenes?

  Behavioral patterns
• Match the bottom-up methods with their descriptions:

  Investigative psychology ↔️ Examines behavior patterns across crime scenes

  Geographical profiling ↔️ Analyzes crime locations to determine likely offender base
• What principle is used in geographical profiling to determine the offender's base?

  Spatial behavior
• The bottom-up approach relies on pre-existing offender types to build a profile.

  False
• What does the bottom-up approach analyze in crime scenes?

  Behavioral patterns
• Investigative psychology examines behavior patterns across crime scenes.
• Geographical profiling uses crime locations to predict the offender's likely base.
• What is the primary focus of investigative psychology in the bottom-up approach?

  Behavioral patterns
• Geographical profiling analyzes crime locations to determine the offender's likely base.
• Investigative psychology focuses on spatial behavior principles.

  False
• What does geographical profiling use to determine the offender's base?

  Circle hypothesis
• The bottom-up approach is data-driven and relies on statistical analysis.
• Geographical profiling and investigative psychology are the two main techniques in the bottom-up approach.
• What is a key characteristic of the bottom-up approach?

  Data-driven
• The bottom-up approach assumes no pre-existing offender categories.
• The bottom-up approach uses pre-existing offender traits to build a profile.

  False
• What are the two main techniques used in the bottom-up approach?

  Geographical profiling and investigative psychology
• Geographical profiling often employs the circle hypothesis to determine the offender's likely base.
• Investigative psychology uses behavioral consistency and differentiation in its analysis.
• What is the formula for Investigative Psychology?

  $\text{Investigative Psychology} =$$\text{Analysis of Behavioral Patterns} +$$\text{Use of Behavioral Consistency and Differentiation}$
• Geographic profiling uses the circle hypothesis to predict the offender's likely base.
• What is the formula for Geographic Profiling?

  \text{Geographic Profiling} = \text{Analysis of Crime Locations} + \text{Application of Circle Hypothesis}</latex>
• Behavioral consistency refers to offenders exhibiting similar behaviors in different crimes.
• The bottom-up approach does not start with predefined offender types.
• What is the formula summarizing the bottom-up approach?

  \text{Bottom - Up Approach} = \text{Analysis of Crime Scene Evidence} + \text{Inference of Offender Characteristics}</latex>
• The bottom-up approach assumes offenders fit into specific predefined types.

  False
• What is the formula for Geographic Profiling in the bottom-up approach?

  $\text{Geographic Profiling} =$$\text{Analysis of Crime Locations} +$$\text{Application of Circle Hypothesis}$
• Investigative psychology focuses on behavioral consistency and differentiation.
• Match the geographic profiling aspect with its description:

  Key Principle ↔️ Spatial behavior and circle hypothesis

  Application ↔️ Predicting offender's residence or workplace

  Method ↔️ Analyzing crime locations
• What are the key principles of geographic profiling?

  Spatial behavior and circle hypothesis
• The formula for geographic profiling includes the analysis of crime locations and the application of the circle hypothesis.
• The bottom-up approach is more adaptable than the top-down approach because it uses patterns instead of predetermined categories.
• Match the bottom-up and top-down approaches with their characteristics:

  Data Use ↔️ Empirical data and statistical analysis vs. Pre-existing offender categories

  Offender Types ↔️ No predefined types vs. Uses established categories

  Analysis Focus ↔️ Behavioral patterns vs. Offender types
• The bottom-up approach can be summarized as the analysis of crime scene evidence to infer offender characteristics.
• What is the primary difference between the bottom-up and top-down approaches in offender profiling?

  Data-driven versus pre-existing categories
• The bottom-up approach is characterized as data-driven
• The bottom-up approach assumes offenders fit predefined types.

  False