Research evidence supports the idea that retrieval failure is due to the absence of appropriate cues.
Retrieval failure occurs when information is available in memory but cannot be accessed because the necessary cues are missing.
The cue-dependent forgetting theory states that forgetting occurs when encoding and retrieval cues do not match.
What does the encoding context refer to in the cue-dependent forgetting theory?
Learning environment
When retrieval cues match the encoding context, recall is enhanced.
Contextual cues relate to internal conditions like mood or physical state.
False
What happens to retrieval when cues are mismatched according to the cue-dependent forgetting theory?
Retrieval failure
The encoding specificity principle states that retrieval effectiveness depends on the similarity between cues present during encoding and retrieval.
State-dependent cues are environmental elements like location and time.
False
What is an example of a contextual cue influencing retrieval?
Remembering facts in the library
Information is available in memory but not accessed due to missing cues.
If you learn a formula in a quiet library, recalling it might be easier in the same library.
Necessary cues are triggers that activate memory.
How do matching retrieval cues influence recall according to the cue-dependent forgetting theory?
Enhance recall
The encoding specificity principle states that retrieval effectiveness depends on the similarity between cues during encoding and retrieval.
Match the type of cue with its description:
Contextual cue ↔️ Environmental elements like location
State-dependent cue ↔️ Internal conditions like mood
The encoding specificity principle states that retrieval effectiveness depends on the similarity between cues present during encoding and cues available at retrieval
Matching cues enhance recall, while mismatched cues lead to retrieval failure
Match the type of cue with its description:
Contextual ↔️ External environment during encoding and retrieval
State-Dependent ↔️ Internal psychological and physical states
Context-dependent retrieval is improved when the external environment matches during encoding and retrieval
State-dependent retrieval is enhanced when the internal state is the same at encoding and retrieval
What is the primary reason for retrieval failure?
Missing necessary cues
Retrieval failure occurs when information is available in memory but cannot be accessed
Cues act as triggers to activate related information, making it retrievable
What does the cue-dependent forgetting theory state about forgetting?
Mismatched cues lead to forgetting
Retrieval cues are stimuli that help access stored memories
Match the type of cue with its example:
Contextual ↔️ Remembering an exam answer in the classroom where it was taught
State-Dependent ↔️ Recalling information learned while happy if you are in a happy mood
Encoding context refers to the environment and circumstances in which information is initially learned
Retrieval cues are stimuli that help access stored memories.
Match the cue type with its description:
Contextual cues ↔️ Relate to external environments
State-dependent cues ↔️ Relate to internal conditions
What happens to recall when retrieval cues match the encoding context?
Recall is enhanced
The cue-dependent forgetting theory states that forgetting happens when the contextual or state-dependent cues available during retrieval do not match those present during encoding
What type of cues relate to external environments such as location and time of day?
Contextual cues
The encoding specificity principle states that retrieval effectiveness depends on the similarity between cues present during encoding and cues available at retrieval
What type of cues include internal conditions such as mood or physical state?
State-dependent cues
Context-dependent retrieval improves recall when the external environment