DNA and RNA - G8 Q3

• Gregor Mendel(1866) - Father of Genetics. he describes the "wits of heredity" aka genes
• Friedrich Miescher(1869)- Identifies the "nuclein" by isolating a molecule from a cell nucleus that would later be known as DNA.
• Albrecht Kossel(1881)- Credited with naming DNA, identified nuclein as a nucleic acid. He isolated the five nitrogen bases (Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine, Uracil)
• Walther Flemming(1882)- He discovered mitosis cell division
• Oswald Avery(1944)- outlined DNA as the transforminv principle which means DNA has the genetic material
• Ediwn Chargaff(1950)- He discovered the "Chargaff's Rule" and concluded that DNA varies among organisms
• Barbara McClintock(Late 1940s)- Discovered jumping genes that earned her the Nobel Prize in Physiology
• Rosalind Franklin(1951)- She took xray diffeaction photographs of DNA that showed its size and shape.
• Watson and Crick(1953)-Publishes the DNA's double helix structure. They did this based on the xrays and studies of Rosalind Franklin
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)acts as a blueprint of life or the recipe of living things.
• DNA is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. While it is found in the cytosol for prokaryotic cells
• Four Biomolecules:

  Carbohydrates

  Lipids (Fats)

  Proteins

  Nucleic Acid (Glucose)
• Nitrogen Base Groups

  adenine and guanine - purines (2 ring structure)

  cytosine and thymine - pyrimidines ( 1 ring structure)
• Purines always pair with Pyrimidines.
• Ribose is used by RNA while Deoxyribose is used by DNA.
• There are three types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
• Chargaff's Rule: The ratio of T's to the number of A's in a DNA sequence is equal to the ratio of the number of C's to the number of G's.
• Find the pair:

  CGT TAC

  Answer: GCA ATG
• Find the pair:

  TCG CTA GAG

  Answer: AGC GAT CTC
• Find the pair:

  CGC UGA CAU

  Answer: GCG ACU GUA
• Nitrogen bases are held by hydrogen bonds.
• A=T - 2 hydrogen bonds

  G=C - 3 hydrogen bonds
• Phosphodiester bond is the bond linking the two sugars of a nucleic acid
• Nucleotides are also called monomers, when combined with other monomers, they are now called polymers.
• DNA is anti parallel.

  
• DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

  RNA - ribonucleic acid
• RNA is used to construct proteins for growth and reproduction.
• Main functions of RNA:

  -Assits DNA as a messenger to realay proper genetic information to ribosomes -Selects the correct amino acid (used to make protein)needed by ribosomes to produce proteins in ur body
• mRNA ( messenger): Responsible for sending messages from DNA to ribosomes.
• rRNA(Ribosomal): Makes protein
• tRNA(t shaped): Transfers the protein
• DNA PAIRING:

  A = T

  C = G
• RNA PAIRING:

  A = U

  G = C
• A nucleotide is made up of the following:

  •phosphate group

  •sugar

  •any nitrogen base