topic 12-organic 1

• fuel is a substance that when burnt, rereleases heat energy
• incomplete combustion happens in a limited supply of oxygen hydrocarbon+oxygen- water+carbon monoxide or carbon soot
• complete combustion happens in unlimited supply of oxygen hydrocarbon+oxygen- water+ carbon dioxide
• carbon monoxide limits the blood's ability to transport oxygen around the body
• car engines the temperature reached is high enough to allow nitrogen and oxygen from the air to react, forming oxides of nitrogen
• many fossil fuels contain sulphur impurities when these fuels are burnt the sulphur is oxidised to form sulphur dioxide
• acid rain results when sulphur dioxide ands nitrogen oxides are emitted into the atmosphere and react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form sulphuric and nitric acids. this then mixes with water before raining
• alkanes general formula is cnh2n+2
• methane is ch4
• ethane is c2h6
• propane is c3h8
• butane is c4h10
• pentane is c5h12
• saturated hydrocarbons, because they are compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only, saturated as there carbon atoms are joined by a c-c single bond only
• dry air is made up of, nitrogen 78%, oxygen 21%, argon 1%, carbon dioxide <0.04%
• carbon dioxide can be made by reacting dilute hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate in the form of marble chips, carbon dixoide can also be obtained when metal carbonates are heated strongly
• copper 2 is a green powder which decomposes on heating to produce black copper 2 oxide
• fractional distillation of crude oil, vaporised, refinery gases (bottled gas) gasoline (fuel for cars) kerosene (fuel for aeroplanes) diesel (fuel for lorries) fuel oil (fuel for ships) bitumen (surface of roads)
• as you go from cooler to hotter, molecules get longer, harder to light, flame gets dirtier, colour gets darker
• carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas increasing amounts in the atmosphere may contribute to climate change
• IUPAC meth- 1 eth- 2 prop-3 but-4 pent-5 hex-6
• crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
• hydrocarbon is a compound made up of carbon and hydrogen only
• alkanes undergo a susbstitution reaction with halogens in the presence of uv light
• functional group is an atom or group of atoms which determines the main chemical properties of an organic compound
• isomerism is compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
• homologous series is a family of compounds which share characteristics
• sulfur burns in oxygen with a blue flame poisonous, colourless sulfur dioxide gas is produced
• hydrogen burns in oxygen with a pale blue flame the product is water
• magnesium burns in oxygen with a very bright white light to give a white powdery ash of magnesium oxide
• Structural and displayed formula

  
• alkanes are saturated as they have a single carbon to carbon bond
• Volume of oxygen in air experiment