Bio 2

• carbon and energy requirment of the autotrophic organizm is fulfilled by photosynthesis
• the carbohydrates are stored in the form of starch
• 6co2 + 12 h2o ---> c6h12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2o
• Steps taken place in the Photosynthesis are Absorpstion of light energy by chlorophyll -- converstion of light energy into chemical energy -- spliting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen -- reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates
• The opening and closing of stomatal pore is in the presence of guard cell
• amoba take in food using temporary finger like extentions of the cell surface which fuse over the food particle forming a food vacuole
• amoeba reproduce sexually or asexually
• which is the enzyme that the saliva contain?

  salivary amylase
• the digestion in stomach is taken care of by the gastric glands present in wall of the stomach
• protein digesting enzymes are call pepsin and mucus
• mucus protects inner linning of the stomach by the acid in normal condition
• the exit of food from the stomach is regulated by sphincter muscles
• the pancreas contain pancreatic juice which contains enzymes like trypsin digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified facts
• the walls of small intestine contain glands which secrete intestinal juice the enzyme present in it finally converts proteins into amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats in fatty acid and glycerol
• villi increase the surface area for absorption
• villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body. where it is utilised for obtaining energy
• in all cases the first step is to break down glucose, a six carbon molecule into a 3 carbon molecule called pyruvate. this process takes place in the cytoplasam
• the energy used in respiration is immediately used to synthesis a molecule called atp. which is used to fuel all other activites in the cell
• rings of cartilage are present in the throat. These ensure that the air passage does not collapse
• the alveoli provides surface where exchange of gases cantakes place
• the food coming from the stomach is acidic and need to be made alkaline for the pancreatic enzymes to act Bile juice from the liver accomplishes this in addition to acting on facts
• The pancreas secreates pancreatic juice which contains enzyme's like trypsin for digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified facts
• Trypsin converts proteins to amino acid
• the exit of the waster material is regulated by anal sphincter
• Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
• The breaking down of glucose a six carbon molecule to a 3 carbon molecule called pyruvate takes place in the cytoplasam
• breaking down of pyruvate in presence of oxygen takes place in mitochondria
• exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in plant's is called diffusion
• in human the respiratory pigment is called hemogloin
• chlorophyll absorbs light energy from sun
• carbon dioxide enters through stomata
• photosynthesis is the process where plants make their own food using sunlight, water and minerals
• haemoglobin is present in the red blood corpuscles
• haemoglobin have very high affinity for oxygen
• blood contain a fluid medium called plasma
• plasma transports food carbon dioxide and nitrogenouse wastes in dissolved forms
• oxygen is carried by rbc
• Arteries are the vessels which carry blood away from the heart to various organs of the body
• why does arteries have thick and elastic walls?

  because the blood emerges from the heart under great pressure they need thick and elastic walls
• veins collect blood from diffrent organs and brings it back to the heart