Eukaryotes and Intro to Physiology and Anatomy

• What are the four main types of eukaryotes mentioned?

  Animals, plants, protists, fungi
• What defines true organelles in a cell?

  They are membrane-bound structures
• What is the function of the endomembrane system in cells?

  • Compartmentalizes biochemical processes
  • Allows simultaneous and independent reactions
• Name three membrane-bound organelles in the endomembrane system.

  Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes
• What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

  Process and package lipids and proteins
• What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?

  Digest invading cells and debris
• What do mitochondria produce during aerobic respiration?

  Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• What is the structure of the nucleus in a cell?

  Largest organelle with a nuclear membrane
• What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?

  Site of protein synthesis
• What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

  • Rough ER: has ribosomes, processes proteins
  • Smooth ER: no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids
• What is the primary function of vacuoles in plant cells?

  Store water, nutrients, and waste products
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  Site of photosynthesis
• What are the main components of a plant's vascular system?

  • Xylem: transports water and minerals
  • Phloem: transports sugars and nutrients
• What is the function of the centrosome in a cell?

  Organizes microtubules during mitosis
• What is the endosymbiotic theory?

  Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from bacteria
• What are the key organelles of an animal cell?

  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoskeleton
• What is the primary function of peroxisomes?

  Detoxify compounds and produce hydrogen peroxide
• What is the role of the middle lamella in plant cells?

  Acts as adhesive for cell stability
• How do algal cells compare to plant cells?

  Both have cellulose walls and chloroplasts
• What is the function of chlorophyll in plant cells?

  Harvest energy from light
• What are the main structures of a plant cell?

  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
  • Large vacuole
  • Plasmodesmata
  • Pits
• What is the primary role of the root in a plant?

  Anchors the plant and absorbs water
• What is the main function of the stem in a plant?

  Maximize photosynthesis and elevate structures
• How do the functions of xylem and phloem differ?

  Xylem transports water; phloem transports sugars
• What is the role of the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts?

  Site of photosynthesis reactions
• What is the significance of the cristae in mitochondria?

  Increase surface area for ATP production
• What is the primary function of the vacuole in plant cells?

  Maintain internal pressure and rigidity
• What is the role of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

  Provides structure and aids in cell division
• What are the key differences between plant and animal cells?

  • Plant cells have cell walls; animal cells do not
  • Plant cells have chloroplasts; animal cells do not
  • Plant cells have large vacuoles; animal cells have small vacuoles
• How does the structure of a plant cell wall contribute to its function?

  Provides tensile strength and maintains turgor pressure
• What is the function of the eyespot in Chlamydomonas spp.?

  Perceives light levels and direction
• What is the significance of maternal inheritance in mitochondria?

  Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother
• How do the functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria differ?

  Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis; mitochondria produce ATP
• What is the primary role of the nucleolus?

  Makes ribosomes within the nucleus
• What is the role of the cytoplasm in a cell?

  Suspends organelles and facilitates biochemical reactions
• How does the structure of ribosomes relate to their function?

  Made of RNA and proteins for protein synthesis
• What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  Regulates what enters and exits the cell
• What is the significance of the double membrane in mitochondria?

  Separates metabolic processes and increases efficiency
• How do the functions of the rough and smooth ER differ?

  Rough ER synthesizes proteins; smooth ER synthesizes lipids
• What is the primary role of the Golgi apparatus?

  Processes and packages proteins and lipids