Origin of Life & Evolution

• the order of earth's history is water, organic molecules, first prokaryote, photo synthetic bacteria, atmospheric oxygen, first eukaryotes, multicellular life, and sexual reproduction
• Miller & Urey were scientists to discover that early life was possible by amino acids
• first life formed on earth 3.8 billion years ago and life at the beginning was anaerobic (without oxygen) so micro bile life was filled with many prokaryotes
• endosymbiosis is a theory that states how the symbiosis of prokaryotes is how eukaryotic cells evolved, such as the symbiosis of mitochondria and chloroplasts
• evolution is a change in a population over many generations
• biological evolution is a change in the characteristics of a species over time, which is the outcome of natural selection
• genetic evolution is a change in allele frequencies in a population over time
• Lamarck's theory of evolution is the idea that acquired characteristics are passed on to offspring, it contrasted with Darwin's theory of evolution
• Darwin's theory of evolution is the idea that organisms have changed over time through natural selection, this means that traits are inherited from parents and not acquired during their lifetime
• homologous structures are structures that have the different functions but are similar structures and this shows divergent evolution
• analogous structures are structures that have similar functions but are have different structures, they are derived from a common ancestor and this shows convergent evolution
• vestigial structures are structures that have lost their function but are still present in the body and this shows evolutionary origin
• poly genetic traits are traits that are controlled by more than one gene
• single gene traits are traits that are controlled by a single gene and are expressed in a single phenotype
• mutations are any changes in the DNA sequence of a gene that can lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein and this shows evolution because the new sequence affects your phenotype which in turn affects how fit you are in the environment
• taxonomy is a way of classifying organisms into groups based on shared characteristics
• Linnaeus's classification system is called the binomial system. It is a system of naming organisms that uses two names: the genus name and the species name.
• Linnaeus's classification: Kingdom, phylus, class, order, family, genus, species
• scientific name, also called binomial nomenclature is a name given to a single species that is the same world-wide, such as Homo Sapiens where homo is the genus name and sapien is the species name
• archeabacteria and eubacteria are part of the prokaryote domain, archeabacteria: unicellular, prokaryote, autotroph, and cells walls made without petitoglycon; eubacteria: unicellular, prokaryote, autotroph, and cells walls made of petitoglycon
• protists and fungi are part of the eukaryote domain, protists: unicellular, eukaryote, heterotroph, and cell walls made of cellulose; fungi: multicellular, eukaryote, heterotroph, and cell walls made of chitin
• animalia and plantae are part of the eukaryote domain, animalia: multicellular, eukaryote, heterotroph, and no cell wall; plantae: multicellular, eukaryote, autotroph, and cells walls made of cellulose
• derived character is a trait that arose a recent common ancestor of a lineage that was passed to the decendants