Respiration and respiratory system

• Aerobic respiration


  Process that occurs in cells when oxygen is available, series of enzyme controlled reaction within the cells that use glucose and oxygen to release energy and produce carbon dioxide and water. Energy is released in form of ATP
• Word equation for aerobic respiration

  Glucose + Energy -> Carbon dioxide + Water +Energy
• Anaerobic respiration


  Process that occurs in the absence of oxygen. Glucose being broken down to release energy and lactic acid. Oxygen debt is a result of anaerobic.
• Why is anaerobic less efficient than aerobic

  Because of the incomplete breakdown of glucose, less ATP is produced per molecule of glucose in anaerobic.
• Word equation for anaerobic respiration

  Glucose -> Lactic acid + Energy
• What is the need for the respiratory system

  To require cells with O2 and and remove CO₂
• Need to learn the labels of the respirate system

  Nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, diaphragm, ribs and intercostal
• What is the function of the mucus


  Traps harmful substances and organisms
• What is the function of the cilia


  Help to move the mucus and trapped particles out of the airways
• Steps of inspiration


  Ribs move up and out

  Diaphragm contracts and flattens

  Volume of thorax increases

  Thoracic pressure falls below air pressure

  Air moves into trachea
• Steps of expiration


  Ribs move down and in

  Diaphragm relaxes and reverts to dome shape

  Volume of thorax decreases

  Thoracic pressure rises above air pressure

  Air moves out of trachea
• How does the bell jar model work

  As the rubber sheet is drawn down during inspiration, the volume of the bell jar increases and its pressure falls below air pressure. Air moves into the glass tube and balloons causing inflation
• Limitations of thorax


  Thoracic cavity filled with plural fluid

  Cartilage in trachea flexible - Diaphragm flattens

  Lungs composed of many alveoli

  Ribs move to change thoracic cavity volume
• Limitations of bell jar model

  Bell Jar filled with air

  Glass tube rigid

  Rubber sheet drawn downwards

  Balloons empty

  Bell jar does not move
• Structure of heart


  Aorta, Pulmonary vein, Right atrium, Tricuspid Valve, Right ventricle, Left ventricle, Aorta valve, Left atrium, Pulmonary artery
• Need to be able to label

  End of bronchiole, wall of alveolus, moist lining of alveolus, walls of capillary, red blood cells and plasma
• Inspired air of the gases

  Oxygen - 21%

  Carbon Dioxide - 0.04 %

  Nitrogen - 79 %

  Water Vapor - Variable
• Expired air of the gases

  Oxygen - 16%

  Carbon Dioxide - 4%

  Nitrogen - 79%

  Water Vapor - 1%
• Why are they different

  The air we expire is full of the carbon dioxide that our body must get rid of as waste.
• How to test for carbon dioxide

  Using limewater if carbon dioxide is present it turns milky
• How does smoking effect cilia and mucus

  Tar stimulates mucus production and paralyses the cilia, preventing mucus from being swept away
• How does smoking chemicals effect the respiratory system

  Carcinogens - Increases risk of cancer

  Nicotine - Addictive, increases heart rate, directly damages lungs Carbon monoxide - Binds with hemoglobin in red blood cells irreversibly, reducing oxygen carrying cells capacity of blood