Saliva III & IV

• What is the salivary flow during sleep?

  Nearly zero
• What does the SF index classify?

  Stimulated and unstimulated saliva flow
• What factors influence the flow rate and composition of saliva?

  Activity of individual salivary glands
• What are the factors that may influence salivary flow (SF)?

  1. Individual hydration
  2. Body posture, lighting, and smoking
  3. Circadian and circannual cycle
  4. Medications
  5. Thinking of food and visual stimulation
  6. Size of salivary glands and body weight
  7. Contributions of different salivary glands
  8. Physical exercise
  9. Alcohol
  10. Fasting and nausea
  11. Age
  12. Mechanical stimulation
  13. Taste stimulation
  14. Stimulation by other organs
• What is the most important factor affecting salivary secretion?

  Individual hydration
• What happens to salivary flow when body water content is reduced by 8%?

  Salivary flow virtually diminishes to zero
• How does dehydration affect salivary glands?

  They cease secretion to conserve water
• How does body posture affect salivary flow?

  Standing increases flow; lying down decreases
• What is the effect of being blindfolded or in the dark on salivary flow?

  Decreases by 30% to 40%
• What effect does smoking have on unstimulated salivary flow?

  Causes a temporary increase
• How does salivary flow differ between smoking and non-smoking men?

  Smoking men have higher stimulated flow
• When does salivary flow peak during the day?

  At the end of the afternoon
• How does the circannual rhythm affect salivary secretion?

  Lower in summer, higher in winter
• What types of medications can reduce salivary flow?

  Those with anticholinergic action
• What stimuli can increase salivary flow?

  Thinking, seeing, or talking about food
• How does the size of salivary glands relate to stimulated salivary flow?

  Directly related
• How does unstimulated salivary flow relate to body weight?

  Independent of body weight
• What is the contribution percentage of the parotid glands during unstimulated salivary flow?

  20%
• What is the contribution percentage of the submandibular glands during unstimulated salivary flow?

  65%-70%
• What is the contribution percentage of the sublingual glands during unstimulated salivary flow?

  7% to 8%
• What happens to salivary secretion during physical activities?

  Diminished or inhibited
• What effect does a high dose of ethanol have on stimulated salivary flow?

  Significant reduction
• What happens to salivary secretion in rats exposed to ethanol for a prolonged period?

  Significant reduction in secretion
• How does short-term fasting affect salivary flow?

  Reduces flow but not hyposalivation
• What happens to salivary secretion before and during vomiting?

  Increases
• How does age affect unstimulated salivary flow in the elderly?

  Significantly lower than younger individuals
• How does total stimulated salivary flow compare between the elderly and younger individuals?

  Higher in the elderly
• What factors increase salivary flow rate?

  • Touching or irritant sensation
  • Wearing prosthodontic appliances
  • Dental treatment
  • Chewing gum
• What taste sensations have the highest and lowest stimulation effects on salivary flow?

  Sour has the highest; bitter has the lowest
• What effect does stimulation of the stomach and esophagus have on salivary flow?

  Increases salivary flow
• What are the factors affecting the composition of saliva?

  1. Diurnal variation
  2. Period of stimulation
  3. Nature of stimulation
  4. Salivary flow rate
  5. Physical exercise
  6. Alcohol
  7. Systemic diseases and nutrition
• What is diurnal variation in saliva composition?

  Changes occurring throughout the day
• What is the effect of stimulation period on bicarbonate levels in saliva?

  Increases during stimulation period
• How does the nature of the stimulus affect saliva composition?

  Salty stimulates protein secretion; acid leads to alkaline saliva
• What happens to saliva composition as flow rate increases?

  Changes in its constituents occur
• What changes occur in salivary components during physical exercise?

  Alterations in immunoglobulins, hormones, and electrolytes
• What effect does a high dose of ethanol have on total proteins and amylase release?

  Causes altered release and diminished electrolytes
• What chronic diseases can lead to high amylase levels?

  Pancreatitis, diabetes, renal insufficiency
• How does depression affect salivary proteins?

  Accompanied by diminished salivary proteins
• What are the main symptoms associated with hyposalivation?

  1. Dry mouth (xerostomia)
  2. Frequent thirst
  3. Difficulty swallowing
  4. Difficulty speaking
  5. Difficulty eating dry foods
  6. Need to drink water frequently
  7. Difficulty wearing dentures
  8. Pain and irritation of mucosa
  9. Burning feeling in the tongue
  10. Loss of glossiness of oral mucosa
  11. Increased frequency of oral infections