Organisms, Classification and Taxonomy

• What type of cells are eukaryotic cells?

  Complex organisms
• What organisms are classified as eukaryotes?

  Animals, plants, fungi
• What type of cells are prokaryotic cells?

  Simple organisms
• Which organisms are classified as prokaryotes?

  Bacteria and Archaea
• What is a key feature of eukaryotic cells?

  Contain DNA in a membrane-bound nucleus
• What do prokaryotic cells lack?

  Nucleus and other organelles
• What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

  Similarities:

  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • DNA
  • Cytoplasm

  
  

  Differences:

  • Prokaryotes lack nucleus and organelles
  • Eukaryotes have specialized organelles
  • Prokaryotes are unicellular, eukaryotes can be multicellular
• What is the size range of prokaryotic cells?

  0.2-2.0 µm
• What is the size range of eukaryotic cells?

  5-100 µm
• What are the organ systems in mammals?

  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
  • Respiratory
  • Endocrine
  • Immune
  • Circulatory
  • Urinary
  • Integumentary
  • Reproductive
  • Digestive
  • Lymphatic (in higher vertebrates)
• What is a population in biological terms?

  Members of the same species in a geographic area
• What is a community in biological terms?

  Populations interacting in a particular area
• What is an ecosystem?

  A community and its non-living environment
• What is the biosphere?

  All of Earth's ecosystems
• What is ecology?

  The study of organisms and their environment
• What does nomenclature refer to in biology?

  The naming of organisms
• How many species had been named by 2022?

  2.16 million species
• Why is standardization important in nomenclature?

  It enables consistent communication across regions
• What language was primarily used for scientific naming until the mid-1700s?

  Latin
• What is binomial nomenclature?

  A two-part naming system for organisms
• Who developed the system of binomial nomenclature?

  Carl Linnaeus
• What are the two parts of a binomial name?

  Genus and species
• How should binomial names be formatted?

  Italicized or underlined
• What is taxonomy?

  The science of naming and classifying organisms
• What is the difference between artificial and natural classification?

  Artificial uses few characteristics; natural uses many
• What are the levels of classification in taxonomy?

  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
• What is the significance of the three-domain system?

  It categorizes life into three major groups
• What are the three domains of life?

  Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya
• What characterizes Eubacteria?

  Prokaryotes lacking distinct nuclei
• What characterizes Archaea?

  Prokaryotes biochemically distinct from Eubacteria
• What characterizes Eukarya?

  Eukaryotes that can be unicellular or multicellular
• What are the characteristics of life?

  • Composed of cells
  • Grow and develop
  • Regulate metabolic processes
  • Respond to stimuli
  • Reproduce
  • Populations evolve and adapt
• What is the basic unit of classification?

  Species
• What defines a species?

  Organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
• Why are mules not considered a species?

  They are infertile and cannot reproduce
• What mnemonic helps remember the classification hierarchy?

  • Kids Prefer Chocolate Over Fresh Green Spinach
• What is the hierarchical organization of living systems?

  • Atoms
  • Molecules
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
  • Organisms
  • Populations
  • Communities
  • Ecosystems
  • Biosphere
• What is a genus?

  A group of closely related species
• What is a species?

  Basic unit of classification
• How is a species defined in terms of reproduction?

  Group of organisms that can interbreed