Blood

• Blood "RBC" is also call Erythrocytes and there is 4-6 liters of blood in adults.
• Leukocytes is also known as WBC which has 2 general category: Granulocytes and Agranulocytes.
• Granulocytes are Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils that has dots around their cytoplasm.
• Agranulocytes such as Lymphocytes and Monocytes have clear cytoplasm.
• Platelets are cell fragments that help form blood clots and stop bleeding.
• Plasma is a mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, enzymes, and gases.
• Difference of plasma and serum is that plasma has fibrinogen while serum does not.
• Hematocrit (HCT) is the percentage of erythrocytes "RBC" in a whole blood sample.
• Plasma protein is the most abundant component made up of albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.
• Albumin helps in solute transport, buffers pH, contributes to viscosity and osmolarity.
• Globulins has Alpha (a), Beta (B), Gamma (y) and also helps in solute transport, clotting, and immunity.
• Fibrinogen contributes by forming a meshwork of fibrin strands that trap platelets and clot blood.
• Viscosity is the thickness or stickiness of blood which affects the flow of blood, deficiency in RBC or protein decrease cause blood flow too quickly while too many RBC or protein causes blood flow to slow down. Eventually putting a strain on the heart.
• Osmolarity is concentration to which solutes can pass through a blood vessel wall to tissues, it is governed by the blood and tissue which high results in having too much water in blood which increases blood volume and pressure while low results in having too much water in tissue leading to edema and decrease in blood pressure.
• Myeloid is blood formation in red bone marrow while lymphoid is blood formation in lymphatic organs such as thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucous membranes.
• Bone marrow has sinusoids which are lined by endothelial and surrounded by reticular cells while also being occupied by hematopoietic cells. Small arteries enter the bone and empty into sinusoids, draining into the central longitudinal vein. Blood cells mature as they enter the sinusoids and flow away in the bloodstream after.
• RBC are disc biconcave shape with no nucleus and other cell organelles, they pick up oxygen from lungs and deliver to the tissues. Contains hemoglobin which carries oxygen and also aids in transport of carbon dioxide, has cytoskeletal proteins to be flexible when passing through.
• HSC becomes ECFU that has receptors for erythropoietin which is a hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate it into an erythroblast and eventually multiply and produce hemoglobin, shrinking all cell components which turns into a reticulocyte that leaves the bone marrow and enter circulation before turning into a mature erythrocyte in 2 days.
• Globins have 4 protein called Alpha and Beta chain which has 2 each; Hemes are the groups of the globins which is a star shaped, allowing oxygen to bind to iron at its center.
• Each heme can carry one molecule of oxygen so each carry 4 total oxygens; a small amount of carbon dioxide is bound to globin.
• Erythrocyte's lifespan is 120 days, worn RBCs break up in liver and spleen which Macrophages consume and their globins and hemes are broken down; Liver then removes albumin and secretes it into the bile which is eventually released in the feces.

  
• Polycythemia is when the RBC count is high/too much RBC, increasing blood volume, pressure, and viscosity that puts a strain in the heart; Primary that is caused by the erythropoietic line of red bone marrow while secondary is caused by outside factors such as dehydration, smoking, air pollution emphysema, etc.
• Anemia has 3 causes; Inadequate erythropoiesis such as iron deficiency, kidney disease, and destruction of myeloid tissue; hemorrhagic (blood loss) such as trauma, rupture aneurysm, ulcer, menstruation; Hemolytic (RBC destruction) such as poisons, parasites, transfusion reactions etc.
• Antigens are complex molecules that are genetically unique on an individual, they are found on the cell surface to distinguish its own cell to foreign ones.
• Antibodies are gamma globulins produced by B lymphocytes activated by an immune response to foreign antigens.
• Agglutination is when antibodies bind to more than one antigen on different cells, sticking them together.
• RBC is to agglutinogens and Antibodies is to agglutinins.
• Mismatch in blood transfusion causes the antibodies of the blood to bind to the antigens of another blood, attacking them and clumping together will cause a blockage in the vessels.
• RH factor is another protein found outside RBC, if you have it then you are positive; if not then negative.
• Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) or Erythroblastosis fetalis happens during pregnancy when the mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+, It wont cause a problem after the baby is delivered but after exposure of the placenta that has Rh+ blood will lead the mother's blood to create Anti-D bodies. If she becomes pregnant again with Rh+, the baby's blood and mother's blood will both agglutinate and cause the baby to be born with severe anemia.
• There are 3 Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

  There are 2 Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes and Monocytes
• Neutrophils have fine reddish to violet granules that have antimicrobial agents, they are aggressive phagocytic anti-bacterial cells. Their number rises in response to bacterial infection.
• Eosinophils have 2 large lobes connected by thin strand with red to orange granules, their numbers fluctuate greatly to day and night, seasonal and phase change of menstrual cycle. They phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergen and inflammatory chemicals. They also release chemicals that weaken or destroy parasites.
• Basophils have pale large nucleus with a U or S shape and their cytoplasm is dark due to granules. They secrete histamine (vasodilator) to increase blood flow to a tissue, making the vessel more permeable to blood components to get into tissues faster; They also secrete heparin (anticoagulant) to prevent clotting and promote movement of other WBCs in the area; release chemical signals to attract eosinophils and neutrophils; numbers increase in chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes, etc.
• Lymphocytes ranges from small, medium, and large. Their nucleus usually takes up the whole cell; they destroy foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with viruses while also presenting antigens to activate other immune cells, coordinate actions of other immune cells and secrete antibodies while also aiding in immune memory.
• Monocytes are the largest WBCs with their nucleus being kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped; They increase in viral infections and inflammation; leaves the circulation and differentiate to macrophages in the tissues, they phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils and dead cell debris and they also present antigens to activate other immune cells.
• Leukopoiesis in WBC forms in the same HSC as erythrocytes which they differentiate into distinct CFUs; Myeloblasts into granulocytes, Monoblasts leads to monocytes and Lymphoblasts produce all the lymphocytes. Leukopoiesis increases in response to infections and other immune challenges; they are stored in the red bone marrow until needed.
• Leukopenia is when the total WBC count is below 5,000 microliter which risk of infection and cancer is elevated while Leukocytosis is where the total WBC count is above 10,000 microliters due to infection, allergy, and other diseases but also occur in response to dehydration and emotional distress.
• Leukemia is a cancer of the hematopoietic system where it produces a high amount of immature circulating leukocytes; Myeloid Leukemia is where there is an uncontrolled granulocyte production while Lymphoid Leukemia is where an uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production.
• Both Leukemia on myeloid or lymphoid can be either acute or chronic; Acute leukemia develops suddenly and progresses faster which results in death in a few months if untreated while Chronic leukemia develops more slowly within a 3 year survival if left untreated.