carbohydrates

• what is the general formula of carbohydrates

  CxH2xOx
• what are monosaccharides

  one monomer
• give 2 examples of monosaccharides

  glucose and fructose
• what are the two types of glucose

  alpha glucose and beta glucose
• draw an alpha glucose monomer

  CH2OH

  
• draw a beta glucose monomer

  CH2OH

  
• what is a condensation reaction

  water lost to join 2 monomers together
• what is a hydrolysis reaction

  water gained to break the bond between 2 monomers
• what is the type of bond formed between 2 monosaccharides

  glycosidic bond
• what monomers make up maltose

  2 alpha glucose monomers
• what monomers make up sucrose

  an alpha glucose monomer and a fructose monomer
• what is a disaccharide

  2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond
• what is the formula of maltose

  C12H22O11
• where is fructose found

  fruit juice and honey
• draw a diagram showing the bonding in maltose and how it is formed

  formation

  A) water lost - condensation

  
• what type of bond is in maltose

  alpha - 1,4 - glycosidic bond
• what is a polysaccharide

  many monomers bonded by condensation reactions
• what are the 2 forms of starch

  amylose and amylopectin
• explain the structure of amylose

  many straight long chains of alpha glucose monomers bonded by condensation reactions, to form alpha - 1,4 - glycosidic bonds. it comes in a spiral / coiled form
• what % of starch is amylose

  20%
• what % of starch is amylopectin

  80%
• explain the structure of amylopectin

  branched chains of many alpha glucose monomers bonded by condensation reactions to form both alpha - 1,4 and alpha - 1,6 glycosidic bonds. very tightly packed
• what does organic mean

  contains the element carbon
• what makes starch such a good storage carbohydrate in plants?

  insoluble and cannot move out of cells

  will not effect the water potential of cells as it is osmotically inert - will not cause water to enter the cell by osmosis

  amylopectin is easily hydrolysed when needed for respiration

  compact store of glucose due to its helical structure
• what is starch used for

  energy carbohydrate in plants
• in what form is starch found

  starch grains
• explain the structure of glycogen

  the same as amylopectin but even more branched - more terminal ends for faster hydrolysis when respiratory demands increase
• where is glycogen found

  animals and fungal cells. in humans, found in muscle and liver cells
• why is glycogen such a good storage molecule in animals?

  insoluble and cannot move out of cells

  will not effect the water potential of cells as it is osmotically inert - will not cause water to enter the cell by osmosis

  very is easily hydrolysed when needed for respiration

  compact store of glucose due to its helical structure and many terminal ends
• describe the structure of cellulose

  long, straight chains of beta glucose linked by beta - 1,4 - glycosidic bonds, with alternating monomers inverted to allow condensation reactions to occur. individual cellulose molecules are joined by adjacent hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils, which are held together in fibres to allow for great tensile strength, similar to steel.
• what does this tensile strength do in cellulose for the plant walls

  they can be pulled without breaking and helps give the cell wall its strength, stability and turgid ability
• where is cellulose found

  plant walls
• what type of polysaccharide is cellulose

  structural
• what type of sugar is glucose

  hexose sugar
• what type of sugar is fructose

  pentose sugar
• draw a fructose monomer

  fructose

  
• draw a diagram showing the formation of cellulose

  cellulose