Immunology

• Helper T cells activate B lymphocytes and cytotoxic T cells to destroy infected or abnormal cells.
• Blood contains what cells? Erythrocytes (red blood cells)Leukocytes (white blood cells)
• Blood cells arise from what common progenitor? Hematopoietic stem cells
• What leads to mature blood cells? Hematopoiesis
• HSCs are constantly renewed and directed to differentiate into what two major types of progenitors? Myeloid progenitor cellsLymphoid progenitor cells
• Where do HSCs differentiate into many types of blood cells? in the bone marrow
• What are the 4 types of granulocytes and what are their functions? neutrophil: direct harm to pathogenseosinophil: antiviral activity, antiparasitic activitybasophil: inflammation and allergiesmast cell: inflammation and allergies
• What are the 4 OTHER types of myeloid cells (besides granulocytes)? what are their functions? Monocyte: migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophagesmacrophage: repair/remodel, phagocytose & destroy pathogens, present antigensdendritic cells: potent antigen presenting cells; activate naive T cellsmegakaryocyte: make platelets
• How do antigen presenting cells (APCs) present an antigen? APC must ingest itingestion = phagocytosis
• How are macrophages APCs? macrophages are specialized for phagocytosis, then present antigens to naive T cells
• T cells, B cells, and ILCs are all exmaples of what cell type? lymphoid cells
• What is the general function of primary lymphoid organs? where immune cells develop
• What is the general function of secondary lymphoid organs? where the immune response is initiated
• What is the general function of tertiary lymphoid organs? represents the sites of infection
• what are the 2 primary lymphoid organs? bone marrowthymus
• what are the 6 secondary lymphoid organs? tonsilsright lymphatic ductlymph nodesspleenpeyer's patchestissue lymphatics
• secondary lymphoid organs are areas where lymphocytes do what 4 things? encounter antigenbecome activatedundergo clonal expansiondifferentiate into effector cells
• what is the function of the spleen? filters blood and traps blood-born antigens
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• Coordination of physiological functions in the body depends on the ability of cells to? sense (receptor) and respond (ligand)
• Antigen-immune system receptor interactions are enhanced by co-receptor binding
• iBnding of antigen (ligand) to receptor induces an internal signaling cascade, which leads to? Cellular alterations in:motilityadhesive propertiestranscriptional programming
• What is R-L? transduction of signal to the interior of the cell
• What is a B-cell receptor (BCR)? contains an antibody of defined specificity
• what is a T-cell receptor (TCR)? specificity is for peptides derived from APC degraded antigen presented on MHC molecules
• Immune receptors bear what domains? immunoglobulin domains
• [T/F]: Immune Receptors can only be transmembrane or cytosolic. False - can be transmembrane, cytosolic OR secreted
• What are the 5 classes of heavy chain isotypes? IgA: alphaIgD: deltaIgE: epsilonIgG: gammaIgM: mu
• what are the 2 classes of light chain isotypes? KappaLambda
• what is the role of IgG main responder for infectiontransferred to fetus
• what is the role of IgM? present early in infectionlarge size helps with complement activation leads to phagocytosis and/or cell death
• what is the role of sIgA? protection of mucosal surfaces
• what is the role of IgE? parasitic repsonse (allergies)
• what is the role of IgD? signal the B cells to be activatedbinds to basophils and mast cells and activate these cells to produce antimicrobial factors to participate in respiratory immune defense in humans
• The binding of TCRs to what leads to functional T cell response? Ag-MHC
• What receptor type has the following characteristics?They have Ig domainsThey possess variable (V) domains and constant (C) domains, just as in Ab moleculesTwo types, αβ and γδ, have diverse antigen-binding characteristics T cell receptors
• whaty do PRRs bind to? PAMPs
• What is a cytokine? a diverse group of secreted, non-antibody proteins that act as mediators between cells via cell-to-cell signalingmediate the effector functions of immune system
• What are the 4 other common terms used to descrie particular cytokines? monokineslymphokinesinterleukinschemokines