learning

• what are the 3 stages of learning 


  cognitive stage

  associative stage

  autonomous stage
• what is the cognitive stage of learning

  preformer has to think carefully about their actions and try to understand/ copy demonstrations & instructions

  performer will use extrinsic feedback

  movements are often slow & uncoordinated

  motor programs are not yet developed & preformer will use TRIAL & ERROR
• what is the associative stage of learning 


  longer duration

  preformer goes from being a competent beginner to an accomplished beginner

  has to PRACTISE to improve

  feedback can become more internal (intrinsic)
• what is the autonomous stage of learning 


  reached after effective practice - practice must continue if the preformer wants to remain at the high level stage

  actions must be ACEFACE

  concentrate on the fine details as basics are preformed without thinking

  motor programs fully developed
• what is a learning plateau 


  where no more learning takes place, there is a period of no improvement
• causes of a learning plateau 


  loss of motivation

  bordom

  limit of task

  fatigue

  goals set to low

  poor coaching
• solutions to a learning plateau

  offer rewards

  vary the tasks

  extend the tasks

  rest/improve fitness

  set new challenging SMART targets

  change coach
• what is insight learning - gestaltist theories

  gestalts - concentrates on the whole rather than the parts

  the preformer uses existing knowledge to problem solve

  its good for realistic situations which are closely linked to the game or event

  using a tactic successfully provides satisfaction and intrinsic motivation

  it encourages the performer to think for themselves

  develops cognitive processes which generate better understanding
• what is operant conditioning/ behaviourism

  suggests that rewarding performmers increases chance of correct actions being repeated

  uses reinforcement to link correct response to a stimulus

  strengthen the correct SR bond (stimulus response bond)

  weaken the incorrect SR bond

  SATISFIER = strengthen correct actions e.g. praise

  ANNOYER = weaken incorrect response e.g. critasisum

  CONDITIONING = give specific response to a specific stimulus

  a correct SR bond means actions are more likely to be repeated
• what are the characteristics of operant conditioning

  1. trial & error
  2. the coach might manipulate the environment
  3. shapes behaviour by using reinforcement
• what does trial and error learning do 


  strengthens the correct response (SR bond)

  weakens the incorrect response (SR bond)
• what does the coach do to manipulate the environment

  modify's the display targets
• what reinforcement is used to shape the preformers behaviour

  PUNISHMENT - when the response is incorrect

  POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

  NEGATIVE REINFOCEMENT
• what is punishment 


  giving an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions from being repeated e.g. a red card
• what is positive reinforcement 


  when a pleasant stimulus is given to increase the likely hood of the correct response being repeated e.g. praise or reward
• what is negative reinforcement 


  taking away an unplesesnt stimulus when preferrer does something correctly e.g. withdrawing negative criticism once the skill is correct (weakens the link between the stimulus and incorrect response) for example the coach may say nothing after a correct action is preformed after some previous criticism
• criticisms of operant conditioning 


  learner not required to have understanding

  trial & error could take time, if wrong technique adopted be learner

  punishment and negative reinforcement may push beginners away from(demotivation, unable to react/ adapt to environment)
• what is constructivism - social development

  to build on what you know
• constructivism stages are 


  1. what can I do alone?
  2. what can I do with help?
  3. what can I not do yet?
• constructivism - vygotsky theory 


  vygotsky suggests that the learner will use three levels of preformace to asses what they need to improve

  he suggests they use the ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT - an assessment of what they need to do next to learn the skill
• what is obervational learning - bandura (social learning theory)

  this thory suggests that both acceptable and unacceptable behaviours are learned through observation (watching others)
• banduras modle - ARMM


  ATTENTION - watching a demonstration (must be accurate and clear, highlight key points and must be memorable, interesting and enjoyable)

  RETENTION - the ability to remember information and recall it (brake info in to chunks/ chains, use role models to retain info, learner should tempt skill as soon as its seen)

  MOTOR PROGRAM - making sure the preformer is physically capable of copping the demonstration (task should.be within the ability of the learner, progress in difficulty, allow for practice time

  MOTIVATION - give praise, rewards and positive feedback
• what are the 4 learning theories

  1. insight learning (whole task)
  2. social development (constructivism)
  3. operant conditioning (reinforcement and punishment)
  4. social learning (bandura)