prelim-2nd sem

• true-•“[There exists] a tendency of heat to diffuse itself from any hotter body to the cooler around,
• •The heat is thus brought into a state of equilibrium.
• •This equilibrium is somewhat curious.
• •We find that when all mutual action is ended, a thermometer, applied to any one of the bodies, acquires the same degree of expansion:
• •therefore the temperature of them all is the same, and the equilibrium is universal.”
• Scottish physicist Joseph Black in his (1786) Lectures on Chemistry, as such:
• •Thermal equilibrium refers to equality of temperatures.
• •Thermal is the subject of the Temperature measuremequilibriument.
• •The "zeroth law" states that two thermodynamic systems in thermal equilibrium with the same environment are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
• CELSIUS SCALE » centigrade scale (100 degrees)

  • Anders Celsius
  • degrees Celsius ( °C)
• FAHRENHEIT SCALE

  > 180 degree scale

  • Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
  • degrees Fahrenheit ( •F )
• KELVIN SCALE

  • absolute temperature scale Abso

  zero

  • Lord Kelvin
  • Kelvin (K)
  • gas thermometers
• Boiling Water

  Thermal Energy >> 0

  Molecules have velocity and can cause vaporization
• Frozen Water

  Thermal Energy > 0

  Molecules have no velocity but can still vibrate
• Absolute Zero

  Thermal Energy = 0

  Absolute zero is the lowest achievable temperature in the Universe

  All motion has virtually stopped
• Thermal Expansion

  • Change in the dimension(s) of a substance due to change in temperature
• true -Higher change in temperature, the higher the expansion
• Linear Expansion

  • the expansion in length of solid bodies on heating
• Thermal Expansion

  When an object is heated, its atoms or molecules acquire an extra amount of kinetic energy. With this added energy, the particles can move faster and further from each other, increasing the volume of the object.